Pang Tong Shrine and Tomb

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Coordinates: 31°17′24.3″N104°28′6.2″E / 31.290083°N 104.468389°E / 31.290083; 104.468389

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Contents

Pang Tong Shrine and Tomb
Traditional Chinese 龐統祠墓
Simplified Chinese 庞统祠墓
Dragon and Phoenix Shrine
Traditional Chinese 龍鳳祠
Simplified Chinese 龙凤祠
Valley of the Fallen Phoenix
Traditional Chinese 落鳳坡
Simplified Chinese 落凤坡

The Pang Tong Shrine and Tomb, also known as the Dragon and Phoenix Shrine and the Valley of the Fallen Phoenix, is a shrine and tomb located in Baimaguan Town (白馬關鎮), Luojiang County, Deyang City, Sichuan Province, China. [1] The shrine and tomb was constructed for Pang Tong (179–214), an adviser to Liu Bei, the founding emperor of the state of Shu Han in the Three Kingdoms period. On 25 May 2006, the shrine and tomb became part of the sixth batch of Major Historical and Cultural Sites Protected at the National Level. [2]

Deyang Prefecture-level city in Sichuan, Peoples Republic of China

Deyang is a prefecture-level city of Sichuan province, People's Republic of China. Deyang is a wealthy, mostly industrial city, with the Erzhong Heavy Machinery Company (中国二重), Dongfang Electrical Company (东方电机), and the high-tech industry contributing to its economy. It had a population of around 3,810,000 in 2004 and an area of 5,818 km2 (2,246 sq mi).

Sichuan Province

Sichuan is a province in southwest China occupying most of the Sichuan Basin and the easternmost part of the Tibetan Plateau between the Jinsha River on the west, the Daba Mountains in the north, and the Yungui Plateau to the south. Sichuan's capital city is Chengdu. The population of Sichuan stands at 81 million.

Pang Tong Advisor to Liu Bei

Pang Tong (179–214), courtesy name Shiyuan, was an adviser to the warlord Liu Bei in the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. Originally a minor official in Nan Commandery in Jing Province, Pang Tong came to serve Liu Bei in 209 after the latter became the provincial governor. In the early 210s, he accompanied Liu Bei on a military campaign to seize control of Yi Province from the warlord Liu Zhang, but was killed by a stray arrow during a battle at Luo County in 214.

Background

Pang Tong was from Xiangyang Commandery (襄陽郡; present-day Xiangyang, Hubei). He initially served as a minor official in Nan Commandery (南郡; around present-day Jingzhou, Hubei) before becoming an adviser to the warlord Liu Bei in 209. In the early 210s, he accompanied Liu Bei on a campaign to seize control of Yi Province (covering present-day Sichuan and Chongqing) from the warlord Liu Zhang. He was killed by a stray arrow in a battle at Luo County (雒縣; north of present-day Guanghan, Sichuan) in 214. [3]

Xiangyang Prefecture-level city in Hubei, Peoples Republic of China

Xiangyang is a prefecture-level city in northwestern Hubei province, China and the second largest city in Hubei by population. It was known as Xiangfan from 1950 to 2010. The Han River runs through Xiangyang's centre and divides the city north-south. The city itself is an agglomeration of two once separate cities: Fancheng and Xiangcheng. What remains of old Xiangyang is located south of the Han River and contains one of the oldest still-intact city walls in China, while Fancheng is located to the north of the Han River. Both cities served prominent historical roles in both ancient and pre-modern Chinese history. Today, the city has been a target of government and private investment as the country seeks to urbanize and develop the interior provinces. In 2017, population of the prefecture-level city was 5.65 million, in which 3.37 million were urban residents.

Hubei Province

Hubei, is a province of the People's Republic of China, located in the Central China region. The name of the province means "north of the lake", referring to its position north of Dongting Lake. The provincial capital is Wuhan, a major transportation thoroughfare and the political, cultural, and economic hub of Central China.

Jingzhou Prefecture-level city in Hubei, Peoples Republic of China

Jingzhou is a prefecture-level city in southern Hubei, China, located on the banks of the Yangtze River. Based on the 2010 census, its total population was 5,691,707, 1,154,086 of whom resided in the built-up area comprising the two urban districts.

Pang Tong's death is dramatised in the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms . In the novel, Zhang Ren, a military officer serving under Liu Zhang, sets up an ambush outside Luo County. Liu Bei offers his horse, Dilu, to Pang Tong out of kindness before the battle. Pang Tong leads a group of soldiers to attack Luo County and passes through the ambush area. Zhang Ren recognises Dilu and mistakes its rider for Liu Bei, so he orders his archers to fire arrows at the rider. Pang Tong is hit by several arrows and dies on the spot. His place of death is called "Valley of the Fallen Phoenix". [4]

<i>Romance of the Three Kingdoms</i> one of Chinas Four Great Classical Novels

Romance of the Three Kingdoms is a 14th-century historical novel attributed to Luo Guanzhong. It is set in the turbulent years towards the end of the Han dynasty and the Three Kingdoms period in Chinese history, starting in 169 AD and ending with the reunification of the land in 280.

Zhang Ren

Zhang Ren was a military officer serving under the warlord Liu Zhang during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China.

History of the tomb and shrine

The tomb and shrine was constructed by Liu Bei in 214 after Pang Tong's death. It is also called "Baima Temple" (白馬寺; literally "White Horse Temple") because it is located in Baimaguan Town (白馬關鎮; literally "White Horse Gate Town"). It is also known as "Dragon and Phoenix Shrine" because there are statues of Pang Tong and Zhuge Liang inside. Pang Tong and Zhuge Liang were nicknamed "Young Phoenix" and "Sleeping Dragon" respectively and they served as Liu Bei's advisers. [2]

Liu Bei Shu Han emperor

Liu Bei, courtesy name Xuande, was a warlord in the late Eastern Han dynasty who founded the state of Shu Han in the Three Kingdoms period and became its first ruler. Despite early failings compared to his rivals and lacking both the material resources and social status they commanded, he gathered support among disheartened Han loyalists who opposed Cao Cao, the warlord who controlled the Han central government and the figurehead Emperor Xian, and led a popular movement to restore the Han dynasty through this support. Liu Bei overcame his many defeats to carve out his own realm, which at its peak spanned present-day Sichuan, Chongqing, Guizhou, Hunan, and parts of Hubei and Gansu.

Zhuge Liang Shu Han chancellor, military strategist

Zhuge Liang, courtesy name Kongming, was a Chinese politician, military strategist, writer, engineer and inventor. He served as the chancellor and regent of the state of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period. He is recognised as the most accomplished strategist of his era, and has been compared to Sun Tzu, the author of The Art of War. His reputation as an intelligent and learned scholar grew even while he was living in relative seclusion, earning him the nickname "Wolong" or "Fulong", meaning "Crouching Dragon" or "Sleeping Dragon". Zhuge Liang is often depicted wearing a Taoist robe and holding a hand fan made of crane feathers.

The shrine and tomb was damaged over time but was restored in 1691 during the reign of the Kangxi Emperor in the Qing dynasty. As of today, the shrine has a large gate, a main hall, two side halls and a pavilion, with the tomb situated beside it. There are two large cupressaceae trees inside the shrine which are said to have been planted by Zhang Fei, a general serving under Liu Bei. A couplet pasted on the doors reads, "Even though it was obvious that the Late Emperor (Liu Bei) favoured the Fallen Phoenix (Pang Tong), the Sleeping Dragon (Zhuge Liang) was still given the opportunity to be the long-serving minister." Pang Tong's biography, written by Chen Shou in the third century, is carved on a stone wall behind the main hall. [2]

Kangxi Emperor fourth emperor of the Qing Dynasty

The Kangxi Emperor, personal name Xuanye, was the fourth emperor of the Qing dynasty, and the second Qing emperor to rule over China proper, from 1661 to 1722.

Qing dynasty former empire in Eastern Asia, last imperial regime of China

The Qing dynasty, officially the Great Qing, was the last imperial dynasty of China. It was established in 1636, and ruled China proper from 1644 to 1912. It was preceded by the Ming dynasty and succeeded by the Republic of China. The Qing multi-cultural empire lasted for almost three centuries and formed the territorial base for modern China. It was the fifth largest empire in world history. The dynasty was founded by the Manchu Aisin Gioro clan in Manchuria. In the late sixteenth century, Nurhaci, originally a Ming Jianzhou Guard vassal, began organizing "Banners", military-social units that included Manchu, Han, and Mongol elements. Nurhaci formed the Manchu clans into a unified entity. By 1636, his son Hong Taiji began driving Ming forces out of the Liaodong Peninsula and declared a new dynasty, the Qing.

Cupressaceae family of plants

Cupressaceae is a conifer family, the cypress family, with worldwide distribution. The family includes 27–30 genera, which include the junipers and redwoods, with about 130–140 species in total. They are monoecious, subdioecious or (rarely) dioecious trees and shrubs up to 116 m (381 ft) tall. The bark of mature trees is commonly orange- to red- brown and of stringy texture, often flaking or peeling in vertical strips, but smooth, scaly or hard and square-cracked in some species.

On 25 May 2006, the shrine and tomb became part of the sixth batch of Major Historical and Cultural Sites Protected at the National Level. [2]

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References

  1. ↑ "Deyang (Sichuan) City Information". China Knowledge. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  2. 1 2 3 4 昭化古城001 [Zhaohua Gucheng 001] (4 June 2014). "庞统祠墓 [Pang Tong Shrine and Tomb]". zhjmg.com (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 1 January 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  3. ↑ Sanguozhi vol. 37.
  4. ↑ Sanguo Yanyi ch. 63.
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