Panjiakou Dam

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Panjiakou Dam
China edcp relief location map.jpg
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Location of Panjiakou Dam in China
CountryChina
Location Qianxi County
Coordinates 40°23′19″N118°16′47″E / 40.38861°N 118.27972°E / 40.38861; 118.27972 Coordinates: 40°23′19″N118°16′47″E / 40.38861°N 118.27972°E / 40.38861; 118.27972
StatusOperational
Construction began1975
Opening date1981
Dam and spillways
Type of dam Concrete gravity
Impounds Luan River
Height107.5 m (353 ft)
Length1,040 m (3,412 ft)
Spillway capacity40,400 m3/s (1,426,713 cu ft/s)
Reservoir
Total capacity2,930,000,000 m3 (2,375,390 acre⋅ft)
Active capacity1,950,000,000 m3 (1,580,891 acre⋅ft)
Catchment area 33,700 km2 (13,012 sq mi)
Surface area67 km2 (26 sq mi)
Power Station
Commission date1981/1993
Turbines 1 x 150 MW Francis-type
3 x 90 MW reversible Francis-type
2 x 5 MW Kaplan-type (lower reservoir)
Installed capacity 420 MW

The Panjiakou Dam is a concrete gravity dam on the Luan River in Qianxi County, Hebei Province, China. The primary purpose of the dam is to provide water for the cities of Tianjin and Tangshan, located to the south. The dam also provides flood control and its power plant has an installed capacity of 420 MW which includes a 270 MW pumped storage power station.

Gravity dam A specific type of dam that uses mass to counteract water pressure

A gravity dam is a dam constructed from concrete or stone masonry and designed to hold back water by primarily using the weight of the material alone to resist the horizontal pressure of water pushing against it. Gravity dams are designed so that each section of the dam is stable and independent of any other dam section.

Luan River river in the Peoples Republic of China

The Luan River is a river in China.

Qianxi County, Hebei County in Hebei, Peoples Republic of China

Qianxi County is a county of Hebei province, China. It contains the northernmost point of Tangshan City which administers it.

Contents

Background

Construction on the first stage of the project began in 1975 and the single 150 MW generator was operational in 1981. In 1984, the first stage was complete and in the same year, construction on the second stage began. This consisted of the lower reservoir and pump-generators for the pumped storage power station. In 1989, the lower reservoir began to impound and in 1993, the pump-generators were operational. Water supplied by the dam is used for industrial, agricultural and municipal needs in Tianjin and Tangshan. [1] When the Panjiakou Reservoir was filled, it submerged the town of Panjiakou under 50 m (164 ft) of water. Located in the hills above the town is a section of the Great Wall, part of which was submerged as well. [2] [3] The submerged section ran through Panjiakou pass and a portion can be seen on a small island off the reservoir's edge at 40°25′51″N118°16′12″E / 40.43083°N 118.27000°E / 40.43083; 118.27000 (Panjiakou Great Wall) , particularly during droughts when the reservoir holds less water. [3] [4] The scenery around the reservoir is a popular tourist destination and with the surrounding terrain, it is often called "Qianxi Little Three Gorges". [5]

Design and operation

The Panjiakou Dam is a 107.5 m (353 ft) tall and 1,040 m (3,412 ft) concrete gravity dam. [6] The dam's reservoir has a capacity of 2,930,000,000 m3 (2,375,390 acre⋅ft) and surface area of 67 km2 (26 sq mi). [5] Of the reservoir's capacity, 1,950,000,000 m3 (1,580,891 acre⋅ft) is active (or "useful") for power generation and water supply. The dam sits at the head of a 33,700 km2 (13,012 sq mi) catchment area which constitutes 75 percent of the Luan River basin. [7] The dam's spillway is located on its left face and contains 18 floodgates. It has a maximum discharge capacity of 40,400 m3/s (1,426,713 cu ft/s). To the right of the spillway is the power house which contains one 150 MW Francis turbine generator and three 90 MW reversible Francis turbine pump generators. Located 5.5 km (3 mi) downstream is the lower reservoir dam. It is a gravity type and has a height of 28 m (92 ft) and length of 1,010 m (3,314 ft). It creates the lower reservoir with a storage capacity of 36,180,000 m3 (29,332 acre⋅ft) of which 10,000,000 m3 (8,107 acre⋅ft) can be used for pumped storage power generation. When the pumped storage capability is used, the Panjiakou Reservoir serves as the upper reservoir and water is released down to the three pump generators for power production. It is subsequently discharged into the lower reservoir. This occurs during periods of high peak power demand. When power demand is low, usually at night when electricity is cheaper, the turbines of the pump generators reverse and pump water back into the upper reservoir. This process repeats as needed. A small power plant on the lower reservoir dam contains two 5 MW Kaplan turbine bulb-generators. [1]

Drainage basin Area of land where precipitation collects and drains off into a common outlet

A drainage basin is any area of land where precipitation collects and drains off into a common outlet, such as into a river, bay, or other body of water. The drainage basin includes all the surface water from rain runoff, snowmelt, and nearby streams that run downslope towards the shared outlet, as well as the groundwater underneath the earth's surface. Drainage basins connect into other drainage basins at lower elevations in a hierarchical pattern, with smaller sub-drainage basins, which in turn drain into another common outlet.

Spillway structure for controlled release of flows from a dam or levee

A spillway is a structure used to provide the controlled release of flows from a dam or levee into a downstream area, typically the riverbed of the dammed river itself. In the United Kingdom, they may be known as overflow channels. Spillways ensure that the water does not overflow and damage or destroy the dam.

Floodgate adjustable gate used to control water flow

Floodgates, also called stop gates, are adjustable gates used to control water flow in flood barriers, reservoir, river, stream, or levee systems. They may be designed to set spillway crest heights in dams, to adjust flow rates in sluices and canals, or they may be designed to stop water flow entirely as part of a levee or storm surge system. Since most of these devices operate by controlling the water surface elevation being stored or routed, they are also known as crest gates. In the case of flood bypass systems, floodgates sometimes are also used to lower the water levels in a main river or canal channels by allowing more water to flow into a flood bypass or detention basin when the main river or canal is approaching a flood stage.

See also

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References

  1. 1 2 "Panjiakou Hydropower" (in Chinese). Hudong. Retrieved 4 September 2011.
  2. ↑ Hough, Andrew (13 May 2010). "'Ghostly' pictures of Great Wall of China taken from underwater". The Telegraph . Retrieved 11 September 2011.
  3. 1 2 ""Great Wall Under Water" Submerged Again". China Internet Information Center. Retrieved 11 September 2011.
  4. ↑ ""Underwater Great Wall" Emerges from Reservoir in China". NTDTV via YouTube. 2011-06-15. Retrieved September 11, 2011.
  5. 1 2 ""Qianxi Little Three Gorges" reservoir Panjiakou" (in Chinese). China Network. Retrieved 4 September 2011.
  6. ↑ "China's highest Concrete Gravity Dams". Chinese National Committee on Large Dams. Retrieved 4 September 2011.
  7. ↑ "Panjiakou Key Water Control Project". China Water. Retrieved 4 September 2011.
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