The fauna of Madagascar is a part of the wildlife of Madagascar.
The subdesert mesite is a ground-dwelling bird endemic to Madagascar. It is one of three species in the mesite family Mesitornithidae, and is restricted in distribution to a small low-land region in southwest Madagascar.
Bedotia is a genus of the family Bedotiidae of fishes endemic to Madagascar.
The dusky tetraka is a species of Old World warbler in the family Bernieridae. It is found only in Madagascar. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.
The Madagascar serpent eagle is a species of bird of prey in the family Accipitridae. It is placed in the monotypic genus Eutriorchis. It is endemic to Madagascar. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.
The scaly ground roller is a species of bird in a monotypic genus in the near-passerine family Brachypteraciidae. It is endemic to eastern Madagascar. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest. The scaly ground roller is found at elevations below 1,000 meters (3,300 ft), and one of the few birds of Madagascar to reside in lowland rainforest.
Bedotia sp. nov. 'Ankavia-Ankavanana' is an undescribed species of fish in the family Bedotiidae. It is endemic to Madagascar, where its natural habitat is rivers. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Bedotia sp. nov. 'Manombo' is a species of fish in the Bedotiidae family. It is endemic to Madagascar. Its natural habitat is rivers. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Pachypanchax sp. nov. 'Sofia' is a species of fish in the family Aplocheilidae. It is endemic to Madagascar. Its natural habitat is rivers.
Pachypanchax sp. nov. 'Tsiribihina' is a species of fish in the family Aplocheilidae. It is endemic to Madagascar. Its natural habitat is rivers.
Paratilapia sp. nov. 'Fiamanga is a species of fish in the family Cichlidae. It is endemic to Madagascar. Its natural habitat is rivers. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Paretroplus gymnopreopercularis is a species of cichlid from the vicinity of the confluence of the Amboaboa and Mangarahara Rivers near Mandritsara in northern Madagascar. Until its official scientific description in 2008, it was temporarily known as the Paretroplus nov. sp. "sofia". It is endangered because of habitat degradation, overfishing and invasive species. Following the construction of a dam on the Mangarahara River, surveys have failed to relocate P. gymnopreopercularis in this river.
Ptychochromis onilahy was a species of cichlid endemic to the Onilahy River in southwestern Madagascar. Despite several recent visits to the region, this species has not been recorded since 1962 when the only known five specimens were collected. It is listed as extinct by the IUCN, but the Onilahy River system is large, and there is a small chance remnant populations exist in remote regions. This species can reach a length of 8.6 centimetres (3.4 in) SL.
James' sportive lemur, or the Manombo sportive lemur, is a sportive lemur endemic to Madagascar. Like all members of its genus, it is nocturnal and largely folivorous. It is threatened by habitat loss and unsustainable hunting.
Ptychochromis insolitus, also known as the Mangarahara cichlid or joba mena, is a species of cichlid endemic to certain river systems in northern Madagascar. This critically endangered fish is threatened by habitat loss and competition from introduced species; after the last-known female was killed during a breeding attempt, its conservation received significant international attention as London Zoo launched a media campaign to identify any remaining individuals. A remnant population was discovered by aquaculture entrepreneur Guy Tam Hyock in 2013, and breeding programs in Madagascar and at Toronto Zoo have resulted in thousands of successful hatchlings.
Paretroplus loisellei is a vulnerable species of cichlid fish from the Mahanara River basin north of Sambava in northeastern Madagascar. Until its scientific description in 2011, this population was usually referred to as Paretroplus sp. nov. "Ventitry" or included in P. damii, which it resembles. It reaches about 15 centimetres (5.9 in) in length, and is threatened by habitat loss and introduced species. The similar named Ptychochromis loisellei is also restricted to the Mahanara River basin. The specific name honours Paul V. Loiselle, Emeritus Curator of Freshwater Fishes at the New York Aquarium and a researcher in, and campaigner for the conservation of, the freshwater fish of Madagascar.
Hafotra superba is a species of flowering plant in the family Malvaceae. It is the sole member of genus Hafotra. It is a shrub or small tree endemic to central Madagascar. It grows 3 to 4 meters tall.
Dolichostachys is a monotypic genus of plants in the family Acanthaceae. Its sole species, Dolichostachys elongata, is a subshrub that is endemic to Madagascar. It is considered an endangered species.
