Papyrus Collection of the Austrian National Library

Last updated July 01, 2023

The Papyrus Collection of the Austrian National Library, also known as the Rainer Collection (Papyruskollektion Erzherzog Rainer) and Vienna Papyrus Collection (Papyrussammlung Wien), is a papyrus collection of the Austrian National Library at Hofburg palace in Vienna. It contains around 180,000 objects overall. It is one of the most significant collections in papyrology, containing writings documenting 3 millennia of the history of Egypt from 1500 BCE–1500 CE: Ancient Egypt, Hellenistic Egypt, Roman Egypt, and Egypt during Muslim rule. It includes a specialist library of around 19,500 books and journals as well. The Austrian National Library preserves and restores the stored papyri and facilitates scholarly research and publication based on these ancient documents.

The core of the collection originates from the private collection of Archduke Rainer, who gave the collection to Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria in 1899. Besides papyri, the collection includes papers, records on clay tablets, stone tablets, inscribed wood and wax trays, leathers, sheepskins, textiles, and bones, as well as gold, silver and bronze articles with inscriptions. A papyrus museum opened in 1999, displaying a portion of the collection to the public. The Rainer Collection was added to UNESCO's Memory of the World Programme Register in 2001.

History

Papyrus is an ancient medium upon which to write popular across the Mediterranean region. It was considerably cheaper to use than inscribing clay tablets; however, it has the disadvantage that moisture would tend to cause papyri to decay over time, meaning the vast majority of papyri have disintegrated or are no longer readable. The main exception to this was in Egypt, where the harsh desert climate preserved papyri for centuries. In the second half of the 19th century, both scholars and local Egyptians realized this, and began to search for old discarded papyri as well as report local papyri caches. In 1878–1879, the Viennese dealer in antiquities Theodor Graf [ de ] purchased recently found papyri from Faiyum, known as Arsinoe in the Hellenistic period. Graf contacted Professor of Oriental History at the University of Vienna Josef Karabacek [ de ] and arranged the shipping of around 10,000 papyri to him. The papyri made their way to Vienna in 1881 and 1882 while awaiting a buyer; at the end of 1883, Archduke Rainer Ferdinand agreed to purchase the papyri. Professor Karabacek managed and processed both the sale and the collection. The collection was initially stored at the Österreichischen Museum für Kunst und Industrie (the predecessor of the modern Museum of Applied Arts). Archduke Rainer continued to expand the collection with new purchases that Graf arranged, including papyri from digs at Hermopolis, Heracleopolis Magna, and other sites in the Faiyum area such as Soknopaiou Nesos. Rainer gifted the collection to his uncle Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria on August 18, 1899 as a birthday present. At Rainer's request, Franz Joseph incorporated them as a special collection at the Imperial and Royal Court Library (now known as the Austrian National Library).^[1] The collection was also moved next to the Josefsplatz. Additional purchases of mainly ostracon were made in 1899 and 1911.

In 1920, after the dissolution of Austria-Hungary, the Imperial and Royal Library became the National Library, and ownership passed to the state of Austria rather than the Imperial family. The papyrus collection moved to new premises at the Palais Friedrich (the modern Albertina museum) in 1921. On March 12, 1945, during the bombing of Vienna, the collection's building was damaged by a bomb. On April 18, 1954, new premises in the rebuilt Albertina were opened to the public. In 1998 the collection and library were relocated to new premises in the Neue Burg wing of the Hofburg palace, and in 1999 a new museum section opened that displayed a selection of the collection to the public. After being nominated in 2000, the Rainer Collection was added to UNESCO's Memory of the World Programme register in 2001.^[2] In 2004, Bernhard Palme [ de ] was appointed Chair in Papyrology at the University of Vienna's Institut für Alte Geschichte und Altertumskunde, Papyrologie und Epigraphik.

Collection

The main focus of the collection are Greek, Arabic, and Coptic items. The Greek inventory of papyri is the largest, with the era of Ptolemaic Egypt, early Roman Egypt, and later Byzantine Egypt being especially strongly represented as an era when papyri were in common use.^[3]

The total inventory broken down by language is roughly:

Egyptian hieroglyphs and Hieratic: around 275 objects, 170 of which are papyri.
Demotic: around 2,000 objects, including 1,551 papyri and 352 ostraca.
Coptic: around 26,000 objects, including 7,153 papyri, 1,300 parchments, 935 papers, and 770 ostraca.
Greek: around 70,000 objects, including around 41,000 papyri, about 3000 parchments, and 12,000 fragments.
Latin: around 150 objects, of which 136 are papyri and 11 are parchments.
Arabic: around 75,000 objects, including 17,000 papyri, 17,000 papers, and 382 parchments.
Hebrew: around 200 objects.
A small number of other objects with writing or inscriptions in Ethiopic, Syriac, Aramaic, Pahlavi, and others.

Directors

Josef Karabacek [ de ] (1899–1904)
Karl Wessely (1904–1922)
Theodor Seif [ de ] (1923–1930)
Hans Gerstinger [ de ] (1923–1936)
Walter Till [ de ] (1936–1942 and 1948–1951)
Franz Unterkircher [ de ] (1951–1956)
Herbert Hunger (1956–1962)
Helene Loebenstein [ de ] (1962–1984)
Herman Harrauer [ de ] (1984-2005)
Cornelia Römer [ de ] (2005–2009)
Bernhard Palme [ de ] (since 2009)

Gallery

Part of the Taruma Book of the Dead (Memphis, Hieratic Script, Ptolemaic Egypt in 3rd century BC)
Detail of the Taruma Book of the Dead
Interior of the museum, showing papyri
A papyrus on display

Egyptian funerary mask
A grave stele, 1st or 2nd century
Portrait of a young girl, from Faiyum, 2nd century
Fragment of the Quran

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Papyrus</span> Writing and implement

Papyrus is a material similar to thick paper that was used in ancient times as a writing surface. It was made from the pith of the papyrus plant, Cyperus papyrus, a wetland sedge. Papyrus can also refer to a document written on sheets of such material, joined side by side and rolled up into a scroll, an early form of a book.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Papyrology</span> Scientific study of ancient manuscripts

Papyrology is the study of manuscripts of ancient literature, correspondence, legal archives, etc., preserved on portable media from antiquity, the most common form of which is papyrus, the principal writing material in the ancient civilizations of Egypt, Greece, and Rome. Papyrology includes both the translation and interpretation of ancient documents in a variety of languages as well as the care and conservation of rare papyrus originals.

The Fayyum Fragment is a papyrus fragment containing text that could be from part of the New Testament, and consists of only about 100 Greek letters. The fragment was originally discovered in Al-Fayyum, Egypt, and was translated in 1885 by Gustav Bickell after it was found in the papyrus collection of Archduke Rainer Joseph of Austria in Vienna.

The Austrian National Library is the largest library in Austria, with more than 12 million items in its various collections. The library is located in the Neue Burg Wing of the Hofburg in center of Vienna. Since 2005, some of the collections have been relocated within the Baroque structure of the Palais Mollard-Clary. Founded by the Habsburgs, the library was originally called the Imperial Court Library ; the change to the current name occurred in 1920, following the end of the Habsburg Monarchy and the proclamation of the Austrian Republic. The library complex includes four museums, as well as multiple special collections and archives.

Archduke Rainer Ferdinand Maria Johann Evangelist Franz Ignaz of Austria was an Austrian prince and politician who served as Minister-President of Austria from 1861 to 1865. Later in his life, he took up the collection of preserved papyri, largely from Egypt, and served as a benefactor and patron while working with the Oriental studies department of the University of Vienna. His purchases of papyri from Egypt formed the Rainer collection at the Austrian National Library.

Papyrus 55, signed by 𝔓⁵⁵, is a copy of the New Testament in Greek. It is a papyrus manuscript of the Gospel of John. The surviving texts of John are verses 1:31-33, 35–38.

Papyrus 56, signed by 𝔓⁵⁶, is an early copy of the New Testament in Greek. It is a papyrus manuscript of the Acts of the Apostles, it contains only Acts 1:1.4-5.7.10-11.

Papyrus 57, designated by siglum 𝔓⁵⁷, is an early copy of the New Testament in Greek. It is a papyrus manuscript of the Acts of the Apostles, it contains only Acts 4:36-5:2.8-10.

Papyrus 76, signed by 𝔓⁷⁶, is a copy of the New Testament in Greek. It is a papyrus manuscript of the Gospel of John. The surviving texts of John are verses 4:9,12.

Uncial 0177, is a Greek-Coptic uncial manuscript of the New Testament, dated paleographically to the 10th-century.

Uncial 0181, is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament, dated paleographically to the 4th-century.

Uncial 0182, is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament, dated paleographically to the 5th century.

Uncial 0183, is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament, dated palaeographically to the 7th century.

Uncial 0184, is a Greek-Coptic diglot uncial manuscript of the New Testament, dated paleographically to the 6th century.

Uncial 0185, is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament, dated palaeographically to the 4th-century.

Uncial 0186, is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament, dated paleographically to the 5th-century.

Uncial 0213 is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament, dated palaeographically to the 5th or 6th century.

Katolophyromai, is the headword in a musical fragment from the first stasimon of Orestes by Euripides. It means "I cry, lament so much." In 1892, among a number of papyri from Hermopolis, Egypt, in the collection of Archduke Rainer Ferdinand of Austria, a fragment was discovered and published by the papyrologist Karl Wessely, containing a mutilated passage with musical notation. Although Vienna Papyrus G 2315 dates to the third century B.C., the melody recorded on it may have been written much earlier.

Karl Wessely was an Austrian palaeographer and papyrus scholar. He examined manuscripts housed at the Austrian National Library and in other important European libraries.

Gertrud Maria Elisa Thausing was an Austrian Egyptologist, and the head of the Institute for Egyptology and African Studies at the University of Vienna from 1954 to 1977.

References

↑ "Forschungsstätte mit weltweitem Renommee". Österreichische Nationalbibliothek . Retrieved December 25, 2022.
↑ "Papyrus Erzherzog Rainer". UNESCO Memory of the World Programme. Retrieved December 25, 2022.
↑ "Vielfältige Schriftstücke aus dem Land am Nil". Österreichische Nationalbibliothek . Retrieved December 25, 2022.

External links

Official website (Museum website)

48°12′18.7″N16°21′54.1″E / 48.205194°N 16.365028°E / 48.205194; 16.365028

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[about-1] "Forschungsstätte mit weltweitem Renommee". Österreichische Nationalbibliothek . Retrieved December 25, 2022.

[unesco-papyrus-2] "Papyrus Erzherzog Rainer". UNESCO Memory of the World Programme. Retrieved December 25, 2022.

[holdings-3] "Vielfältige Schriftstücke aus dem Land am Nil". Österreichische Nationalbibliothek . Retrieved December 25, 2022.

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