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Benzo[a]pyrene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and the result of incomplete combustion of organic matter at temperatures between 300 °C (572 °F) and 600 °C (1,112 °F). The ubiquitous compound can be found in coal tar, tobacco smoke and many foods, especially grilled meats. The substance with the formula C20H12 is one of the benzopyrenes, formed by a benzene ring fused to pyrene. Its diol epoxide metabolites (more commonly known as BPDE) react and bind to DNA, resulting in mutations and eventually cancer. It is listed as a Group 1 carcinogen by the IARC. In the 18th century a scrotal cancer of chimney sweepers, the chimney sweeps' carcinoma, was already known to be connected to soot.
Pyrene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) consisting of four fused benzene rings, resulting in a flat aromatic system. The chemical formula is C
16H
10. This yellow solid is the smallest peri-fused PAH. Pyrene forms during incomplete combustion of organic compounds.
Mycobacterium hodleri is a species of the phylum Actinobacteria, belonging to the genus Mycobacterium.
Mycobacterium pyrenivorans is a scotochromogenic, rapidly growing mycobacterium, first isolated from an enrichment culture obtained from soil that was highly contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The soil sample was collected on the site of a former coking plant at Ubach-Palenberg, Germany. Etymology: pyrenivorans; digesting pyrene.
Alcanivorax pacificus is a pyrene-degrading marine gammaprotobacterium. It is of the genus Alcanivorax, a group of marine bacteria known for degrading hydrocarbons. When originally proposed, the genus Alcanivorax comprised six distinguishable species. However, A. pacificus, a seventh strain, was isolated from deep sea sediments in the West Pacific Ocean by Shanghai Majorbio Bio-pharm Technology Co., Ltd. in 2011. A. pacificus’s ability to degrade hydrocarbons can be employed for cleaning up oil-contaminated oceans through bioremediation. The genomic differences present in this strain of Alcanivorax that distinguish it from the original consortium are important to understand to better utilize this bacteria for bioremediation.
Nitratireductor pacificus is a Gram-negative and motile bacteria from the genus of Nitratireductor which was isolated from enriched sediment from the Pacific Ocean.
1-Hydroxypyrene is a human metabolite. It can be found in urine of outdoor workers exposed to air pollution.
Bowmanella is a bacteria genus from the family of Alteromonadaceae.
Bowmanella pacifica is a bacterium from the genus of Bowmanella which has been isolated from sediments from the Pacific Ocean. Bowmanella pacifica degrades pyrene.
Parapedobacter is a genus from the family of Sphingobacteriaceae.
Parapedobacter composti is a Gram-negative and non-spore-forming bacterium from the genus of Parapedobacter which has been isolated from cotton waste compost in Suwon in Korea.
Parapedobacter indicus is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Parapedobacter which has been isolated from soil from a hexachlorocyclohexane-contaminated dumpsite in Lucknow in India.
Parapedobacter koreensis is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Parapedobacter which has been isolated from dried rice straw.
Parapedobacter luteus is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming and aerobic bacterium from the genus of Parapedobacter which has been isolated from cotton waste compost in Suwon in Korea.
Parapedobacter soli is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Parapedobacter which has been isolated from soil from a ginseng field in Korea.
Gordonia sp. nov. Q8 is a bacterium in the phylum of Actinobacteria. It was discovered in 2017 as one of eighteen new species isolated from the Jiangsu Wei5 oilfield in East China with the potential for bioremediation. Strain Q8 is rod-shaped and gram-positive with dimensions 1.0–4.0 μm × 0.5–1.2 μm and an optimal growth temperature of 40 °C. Phylogenetically, it is most closely related to Gordonia paraffinivorans and Gordonia alkaliphila, both of which are known bioremediators. Q8 was assigned as a novel species based on a <70% ratio of DNA homology with other Gordonia bacteria.
Defluviimonas pyrenivorans is a Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Defluviimonas which has been isolated from sediments from the Pearl River.
Parapedobacter defluvii is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Parapedobacter.
Parapedobacter deserti is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Parapedobacter which has been isolated from the stem of the plant Haloxylon ammodendron.
Parapedobacter lycopersici is a Gram-negative, aerobic and rod-shaped bacterium from the genus of Parapedobacter which has been isolated from the rhizospheric soil from a tomato plant from a greenhouse from Yecheon-gun in Korea.
References
- 1 2 Parte, A.C. "Parapedobacter". LPSN .
- 1 2 "Parapedobacter pyrenivorans". www.uniprot.org.
- 1 2 Zhao, J.-K.; Li, X.-M.; Zhang, M.-J.; Jin, J.-h.; Jiang, C.-Y.; Liu, S.-J. (24 May 2013). "Parapedobacter pyrenivorans sp. nov., isolated from a pyrene-degrading microbial enrichment, and emended description of the genus Parapedobacter". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 63 (Pt 11): 3994–3999. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.051938-0. PMID 23710053.