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Ameloblastoma is a rare, benign or cancerous tumor of odontogenic epithelium much more commonly appearing in the lower jaw than the upper jaw. It was recognized in 1827 by Cusack. This type of odontogenic neoplasm was designated as an adamantinoma in 1885 by the French physician Louis-Charles Malassez. It was finally renamed to the modern name ameloblastoma in 1930 by Ivey and Churchill.
Epulis fissuratum is a benign hyperplasia of fibrous connective tissue which develops as a reactive lesion to chronic mechanical irritation produced by the flange of a poorly fitting denture. More simply, epulis fissuratum is where excess folds of firm tissue form inside the mouth, as a result of rubbing on the edge of dentures that do not fit well. It is a harmless condition and does not represent oral cancer. Treatment is by simple surgical removal of the lesion, and also by adjustment of the denture or provision of a new denture.
A peripheral ossifying fibroma, also known as ossifying fibrous epulis, is “a gingival nodule which is composed of a cellular fibroblastic connective tissue stroma which is associated with the formation of randomly dispersed foci of mineralised products, which consists of bone, cementum-like tissue, or a dystrophic calcification. The lesion is considered part of an ossifying fibroma, but that is usually considered to be a jaw tumor. Because of its overwhelming incidence on the gingiva, the condition is associated with two other diseases, though not because they occur together. Instead, the three are associated with each other because they appear frequently on gingiva: pyogenic granuloma and peripheral giant cell granuloma. Some researchers believe peripheral ossifying fibromas to be related to pyogenic fibromas and, in some instances, are the result of a pyogenic granuloma which has undergone fibrosis and calcification.
A dentigerous cyst, also known as a follicular cyst, is an epithelial-lined developmental cyst formed by accumulation of fluid between the reduced enamel epithelium and the crown of an unerupted tooth. It is formed when there is an alteration in the reduced enamel epithelium and encloses the crown of an unerupted tooth at the cemento-enamel junction. Fluid is accumulated between reduced enamel epithelium and the crown of an unerupted tooth.
Giant-cell fibroma is a benign localized fibrous mass. It often mimics other fibroepithelial growths and can be distinguished by its histopathology. The exact cause of giant-cell fibromas is unknown however there is no evidence to show that it can be caused by irritation. Giant-cell fibromas can be removed by surgical incision, electrosurgery, or laser excision.
Central giant-cell granuloma (CGCG) is a localised benign condition of the jaws. It is twice as common in females and is more likely to occur before age 30. Central giant-cell granulomas are more common in the anterior mandible, often crossing the midline and causing painless swellings.
An odontogenic keratocyst is a rare and benign but locally aggressive developmental cyst. It most often affects the posterior mandible and most commonly presents in the third decade of life. Odontogenic keratocysts make up around 19% of jaw cysts. Despite its more common appearance in the bone region, it can affect soft tissue.
“Lateral periodontal cysts (LPCs) are defined as non-keratinised and non-inflammatory developmental cysts located adjacent or lateral to the root of a vital tooth.” LPCs are a rare form of jaw cysts, with the same histopathological characteristics as gingival cysts of adults (GCA). Hence LPCs are regarded as the intraosseous form of the extraosseous GCA. They are commonly found along the lateral periodontium or within the bone between the roots of vital teeth, around mandibular canines and premolars. Standish and Shafer reported the first well-documented case of LPCs in 1958, followed by Holder and Kunkel in the same year although it was called a periodontal cyst. Since then, there has been more than 270 well-documented cases of LPCs in literature.
Botryoid odontogenic cyst (BOC) is a type of developmental odontogenic cyst that is extremely rare. It is thought to be a lateral periodontal cyst (LPC) variant with a higher risk of recurrence. Weathers and Waldron coined the term BOC in 1973. Adults over the age of 50 are the most affected. BOC appears as a slow-growing lesion that is symptomatic in approximately 70% of cases.
Calcifying odontogenic cyst (COC) is a rare developmental lesion that comes from odontogenic epithelium. It is also known as a calcifying cystic odontogenic tumor, which is a proliferation of odontogenic epithelium and scattered nest of ghost cells and calcifications that may form the lining of a cyst, or present as a solid mass.
An ameloblastic fibroma is a fibroma of the ameloblastic tissue, that is, an odontogenic tumor arising from the enamel organ or dental lamina. It may be either truly neoplastic or merely hamartomatous. In neoplastic cases, it may be labeled an ameloblastic fibrosarcoma in accord with the terminological distinction that reserves the word fibroma for benign tumors and assigns the word fibrosarcoma to malignant ones. It is more common in the first and second decades of life, when odontogenesis is ongoing, than in later decades. In 50% of cases an unerupted tooth is involved.
The calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor (CEOT), also known as a Pindborg tumor, is an odontogenic tumor first recognized by the Danish pathologist Jens Jørgen Pindborg in 1955. It was previously described as an adenoid adamantoblastoma, unusual ameloblastoma and a cystic odontoma. Like other odontogenic neoplasms, it is thought to arise from the epithelial element of the enamel origin. It is a typically benign and slow growing, but invasive neoplasm.
Median palatal cysts are uncommon hard palate fissural cysts that are not odontogenic. These lesions are located behind the incisive canal in the midline of the hard palate. The majority of the time, median palatine cysts are asymptomatic and are discovered by coincidence while a patient is being evaluated for a different ailment.
Prominent inferior labial artery, also known as caliber-persistent labial artery is characterized by the appearance of a pulsating papule in the lower vermilion, a centimeter of two from the oral comissure, formed by an especially tortuous segment of the inferior labial artery.
Collagenous fibroma, also known as desmoplastic fibroblastoma, is a slow-growing, deep-set, benign fibrous tumor, usually located in the deep subcutis, fascia, aponeurosis, or skeletal muscle of the extremities, limb girdles, or head and neck regions. The World Health Organization in 2020 reclassified desmoplastic fibroblastoma/collagenous fibroma as a specific benign tumor type within the broad category of fibroblastic and myofibroblastic tumors.
Epulis is any tumor like enlargement situated on the gingival or alveolar mucosa. The word literally means "(growth) on the gingiva", and describes only the location of the mass and has no further implications on the nature of the lesion. There are three types: fibromatous, ossifying and acanthomatous. The related term parulis refers to a mass of inflamed granulation tissue at the opening of a draining sinus on the alveolus over the root of an infected tooth. Another closely related term is gingival enlargement, which tends to be used where the enlargement is more generalized over the whole gingiva rather than a localized mass.
Odontogenic cyst are a group of jaw cysts that are formed from tissues involved in odontogenesis. Odontogenic cysts are closed sacs, and have a distinct membrane derived from rests of odontogenic epithelium. It may contain air, fluids, or semi-solid material. Intra-bony cysts are most common in the jaws, because the mandible and maxilla are the only bones with epithelial components. That odontogenic epithelium is critical in normal tooth development. However, epithelial rests may be the origin for the cyst lining later. Not all oral cysts are odontogenic cysts. For example, mucous cyst of the oral mucosa and nasolabial duct cyst are not of odontogenic origin.
A cyst is a pathological epithelial lined cavity that fills with fluid or soft material and usually grows from internal pressure generated by fluid being drawn into the cavity from osmosis. The bones of the jaws, the mandible and maxilla, are the bones with the highest prevalence of cysts in the human body. This is due to the abundant amount of epithelial remnants that can be left in the bones of the jaws. The enamel of teeth is formed from ectoderm, and so remnants of epithelium can be left in the bone during odontogenesis. The bones of the jaws develop from embryologic processes which fuse, and ectodermal tissue may be trapped along the lines of this fusion. This "resting" epithelium is usually dormant or undergoes atrophy, but, when stimulated, may form a cyst. The reasons why resting epithelium may proliferate and undergo cystic transformation are generally unknown, but inflammation is thought to be a major factor. The high prevalence of tooth impactions and dental infections that occur in the bones of the jaws is also significant to explain why cysts are more common at these sites.
Gingival cyst, also known as Epstein's pearl, is a type of cysts of the jaws that originates from the dental lamina and is found in the mouth parts. It is a superficial cyst in the alveolar mucosa. It can be seen inside the mouth as small and whitish bulge. Depending on the ages in which they develop, the cysts are classified into gingival cyst of newborn and gingival cyst of adult. Structurally, the cyst is lined by thin epithelium and shows a lumen usually filled with desquamated keratin, occasionally containing inflammatory cells. The nodes are formed as a result of cystic degeneration of epithelial rests of the dental lamina.
The ameloblastic fibro-odontoma (AFO) is essentially a benign tumor with the features characteristic of ameloblastic fibroma along with enamel and dentin. Though it is generally regarded as benign, there have been cases of its malignant transformation into ameloblastic fibrosarcoma and odontogenic sarcoma. Cahn LR and Blum T, believed in "maturation theory", which suggested that AFO was an intermediate stage and eventually developed during the period of tooth formation to a complex odontoma thus, being a hamartoma.
References
- ↑ MARTELLI‐JÚNIOR, H.; MESQUITA, R. A.; DE PAULA, A. M. B.; PÊGO, S. P. B.; SOUZA, L. N. (2006). "Peripheral odontogenic fibroma (WHO type) of the newborn: a case report". International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry. 16 (5). Wiley: 376–379. doi:10.1111/j.1365-263x.2006.00738.x. ISSN 0960-7439. PMID 16879337.
- ↑ Kramer, I. R. H.; Pindborg, J. J.; Shear, M. (1992). "Histological Classification of Odontogenic Tumours". Histological Typing of Odontogenic Tumours. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 7–9. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-02858-2_2. ISBN 978-3-540-54142-4.
- ↑ Nikam, ShitalSudhakar; Gadgil, RajeevM; Bhoosreddy, AjayR; Shah, KaranR (2015). "Peripheral odontogenic fibroma: A case report and review of literature". Journal of Indian Academy of Oral Medicine and Radiology. 27 (1). Medknow: 140. doi: 10.4103/0972-1363.167138 . ISSN 0972-1363.
- 1 2 Baiju, CS; Rohatgi, Sumidha (2011). "Peripheral odontogenic fibroma: A case report and review". Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology. 15 (3). Medknow: 273. doi: 10.4103/0972-124x.85674 . ISSN 0972-124X. PMC 3200026 .
- 1 2 Patel, Stavan; Vakkas, John; Mandel, Louis (2011). "Recurrent peripheral odontogenic fibroma. Case report". The New York State Dental Journal. 77 (4): 35–37. PMID 21894830.
- ↑ Gardner, David G. (1982). "The peripheral odontogenic fibroma: An attempt at clarification". Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology. 54 (1). Elsevier BV: 40–48. doi:10.1016/0030-4220(82)90415-7. ISSN 0030-4220.
- ↑ Eversole, Lewis R. (July 13, 2011). "Odontogenic Fibroma, Including Amyloid and Ossifying Variants". Head and Neck Pathology. 5 (4). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 335–343. doi:10.1007/s12105-011-0279-6. ISSN 1936-055X. PMC 3210224 . PMID 21751042.
- ↑ Slabbert, Hein de Villiers; Altini, Mario (1991). "Peripheral odontogenic fibroma: A clinicopathologic study". Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology. 72 (1). Elsevier BV: 86–90. doi:10.1016/0030-4220(91)90195-i. ISSN 0030-4220.
- ↑ Daley, Tom D.; Wysocki, George P. (1994). "Peripheral odontogenic fibroma". Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology. 78 (3). Elsevier BV: 329–336. doi:10.1016/0030-4220(94)90064-7. ISSN 0030-4220. PMID 7970594.
- ↑ Ritwik, Priyanshi; Brannon, Robert B. (2010). "Peripheral odontogenic fibroma: a clinicopathologic study of 151 cases and review of the literature with special emphasis on recurrence". Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology. 110 (3). Elsevier BV: 357–363. doi:10.1016/j.tripleo.2010.04.018. ISSN 1079-2104. PMID 20674403.
- ↑ Garcia, BG; Johann, ACBR; da Silveira-Júnior, JB; Aguiar, MC; Mesquita, RA (March 2007). "Retrospective analysis of peripheral odontogenic fibroma (WHO-type) in Brazilians". Minerva Stomatologica. 56 (3): 115–119. PMID 17327815 . Retrieved 19 December 2023.