Philip Gorski | |
---|---|
Born | 1963 (age 60–61) |
Academic background | |
Education | Deep Springs College (AA) Harvard University (BA) University of California, Berkeley (PhD) |
Doctoral advisor | Robert Neelly Bellah |
Academic work | |
Discipline | Sociologist |
Institutions | University of Wisconsin,Madison Yale University |
Main interests | Sociology of religion,historical sociology |
Notable works | The Disciplinary Revolution |
Website | philipgorski |
Philip Stephen Gorski (born 1963) is an American sociologist,interested in both the sociology of religion and historical sociology.
Gorski gained an A.A. from Deep Springs College in 1983,his B.A. from Harvard in 1986. and his Ph.D. from the University of California,Berkeley,in 1996. [1] His advisor was sociologist of religion Robert Neelly Bellah. He worked at the University of Wisconsin,Madison from 1996 until joining Yale University in 2007,where he became co-director of the Center for Comparative Research alongside Julia Adams. [2]
Gorski has written or co-authored four books, [1] edited or co-edited four books,and published numerous articles. He was one of the editors of the journal Sociological Theory . [3] In 2011 he was awarded the Lewis A. Coser Memorial Award for Theoretical Agenda Setting by the Theory Section of the American Sociological Association. [4]
In his 2003 book,The Disciplinary Revolution:Calvinism and the Rise of the State in Early Modern Europe, [5] Gorski offers a new explanation for the rise of a strong,centralized nation-state in certain areas of Europe in early Modernity,when other areas were not so successful.[ citation needed ] Gorski rejects[ citation needed ] two of the dominant explanations,which are the bellicist explanation,which sees military growth as key to the emergence of strong states,and the neo-Marxist explanation,which sees economic factors as key to the explanation. Instead,Gorski points to the strong influence of religion in the formation of strong states. Specifically,Gorski sees Calvinism as crucial to the emergence of the Netherlands and Prussia as strong,centralized states,because of its emphasis on discipline and public order.
The effects of Calvinism could be seen in social welfare,crime rates,in education,in military effectiveness,in financial responsibility,and many other parts of Dutch and Prussian social life,all of which increased their ability to form bureaucratic states. [6] Where in the Netherlands the effect of Calvinism was from the ground upward,as most of its population was indeed Calvinist,in Prussia—where most of the population was Lutheran and only the royal house was Calvinist—the effect was from the rulers downward (to some extent through the Pietist Lutheran movement,which was influenced by Calvinism).[ citation needed ]
With co-author,Samuel L. Perry,in 2022,Gorski traced a history of white Christian nationalism from the late seventeenth century to contemporary times,in order to demonstrate its previously unrealized influence upon democracy,violence,responses to the COVID-19 pandemic,the USA election of 2020,and the 2021 insurrection at the USA Capitol in Washington,D.C. The thesis of the book,The Flag and the Cross:White Christian Nationalism and the Threat to American Democracy,is that the ethno-nationalism of white Christian nationalism works in concert with Christian libertarianism by combining white Christian nationalism with white Christian individualism and,that recognition of that influence is supported by data published contemporaneously. [7] The extent of the threat to American democracy is examined.
Calvinism,also called Reformed Christianity,is a major branch of Protestantism that follows the theological tradition and forms of Christian practice set down by John Calvin and various other Reformation-era theologians. It emphasizes the sovereignty of God and the authority of the Bible.
Nationalism is an idea and movement that holds that the nation should be congruent with the state. As a movement,it presupposes the existence and tends to promote the interests of a particular nation,especially with the aim of gaining and maintaining its sovereignty (self-governance) over its perceived homeland to create a nation-state. It holds that each nation should govern itself,free from outside interference (self-determination),that a nation is a natural and ideal basis for a polity,and that the nation is the only rightful source of political power. It further aims to build and maintain a single national identity,based on a combination of shared social characteristics such as culture,ethnicity,geographic location,language,politics,religion,traditions and belief in a shared singular history,and to promote national unity or solidarity. Nationalism,therefore,seeks to preserve and foster a nation's traditional culture. There are various definitions of a "nation",which leads to different types of nationalism. The two main divergent forms identified by scholars are ethnic nationalism and civic nationalism.
Sociology of religion is the study of the beliefs,practices and organizational forms of religion using the tools and methods of the discipline of sociology. This objective investigation may include the use both of quantitative methods and of qualitative approaches.
Talcott Parsons was an American sociologist of the classical tradition,best known for his social action theory and structural functionalism. Parsons is considered one of the most influential figures in sociology in the 20th century. After earning a PhD in economics,he served on the faculty at Harvard University from 1927 to 1973. In 1930,he was among the first professors in its new sociology department. Later,he was instrumental in the establishment of the Department of Social Relations at Harvard.
Afrikaner Calvinism is a cultural and religious development among Afrikaners that combined elements of seventeenth-century Calvinist doctrine with a "chosen people" ideology based in the Bible. It had origins in ideas espoused in the Old Testament of the Jews as the chosen people.
Political sociology is an interdisciplinary field of study concerned with exploring how governance and society interact and influence one another at the micro to macro levels of analysis. Interested in the social causes and consequences of how power is distributed and changes throughout and amongst societies,political sociology's focus ranges across individual families to the state as sites of social and political conflict and power contestation.
The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism is a book written by Max Weber,a German sociologist,economist,and politician. Begun as a series of essays,the original German text was composed in 1904 and 1905,and was translated into English for the first time by American sociologist Talcott Parsons in 1930. It is considered a founding text in economic sociology and a milestone contribution to sociological thought in general.
Michael Mann FBA is a British emeritus professor of sociology at the University of California,Los Angeles (UCLA) and at the University of Cambridge. Mann holds dual British and United States citizenships.
Barrington Moore Jr. was an American political sociologist,and the son of forester Barrington Moore.
Charles Tilly was an American sociologist,political scientist,and historian who wrote on the relationship between politics and society. He was a professor of history,sociology,and social science at the University of Michigan from 1969 to 1984 before becoming the Joseph L. Buttenwieser Professor of Social Science at Columbia University.
The Merton thesis is an argument about the nature of early experimental science proposed by Robert K. Merton. Similar to Max Weber's famous claim on the link between Protestant work ethic and the capitalist economy,Merton argued for a similar positive correlation between the rise of Protestant Pietism and early experimental science. The Merton thesis has resulted in continuous debates.
Christian nationalism is a type of religious nationalism that is affiliated with Christianity. It primarily focuses on the internal politics of society,such as legislating civil and criminal laws that reflect their view of Christianity and the role of religion/s in political and social life.
American civil religion is a sociological theory that a nonsectarian religious faith exists within the United States with sacred symbols drawn from national history. Scholars have portrayed it as a common set of values that foster social and cultural integration. The ritualistic elements of ceremonial deism found in American ceremonies and presidential invocations of God can be seen as expressions of the American civil religion.
Calvinism originated with the Reformation in Switzerland when Huldrych Zwingli began preaching what would become the first form of the Reformed doctrine in Zürich in 1519.
Various sociological classifications of religious movements have been proposed by scholars. In the sociology of religion,the most widely used classification is the church-sect typology. The typology is differently construed by different sociologists,and various distinctive features have been proposed to characterise churches and sects. On most accounts,the following features are deemed relevant:
Comparative historical research is a method of social science that examines historical events in order to create explanations that are valid beyond a particular time and place,either by direct comparison to other historical events,theory building,or reference to the present day. Generally,it involves comparisons of social processes across times and places. It overlaps with historical sociology. While the disciplines of history and sociology have always been connected,they have connected in different ways at different times. This form of research may use any of several theoretical orientations. It is distinguished by the types of questions it asks,not the theoretical framework it employs.
Sociology is the study of human society that focuses on society,human social behavior,patterns of social relationships,social interaction,and aspects of culture associated with everyday life. Regarded as a part of both the social sciences and humanities,sociology uses various methods of empirical investigation and critical analysis to develop a body of knowledge about social order and social change. Sociological subject matter ranges from micro-level analyses of individual interaction and agency to macro-level analyses of social systems and social structure. Applied sociological research may be applied directly to social policy and welfare,whereas theoretical approaches may focus on the understanding of social processes and phenomenological method.
Social revolutions are sudden changes in the structure and nature of society. These revolutions are usually recognized as having transformed society,economy,culture,philosophy,and technology along with but more than just the political systems.
Although the Reformation was a religious movement,it also had a strong impact on all other aspects of life:marriage and family,education,the humanities and sciences,the political and social order,the economy,and the arts.
Modernization theory is the predominant explanation for the emergence of nationalism among scholars of nationalism. Prominent modernization scholars,such as Benedict Anderson,Ernest Gellner and Eric Hobsbawn,say nationalism arose with modernization during the late 18th century. Processes that lead to the emergence of nationalism include industrialization and democratic revolutions.