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A mask is an object normally worn on the face, typically for protection, disguise, performance, or entertainment, and often employed for rituals and rites. Masks have been used since antiquity for both ceremonial and practical purposes, as well as in the performing arts and for entertainment. They are usually worn on the face, although they may also be positioned for effect elsewhere on the wearer's body.
Benin City is the capital and largest city of Edo State, southern Nigeria. In central Kings square, the Benin city National Museum traces the Benin empire and has displays of terracotta sculpture. The Oba's palace is known for bronze plaques that once decorated with the walls, depicting historical events and Life at court. It is the fourth-largest city in Nigeria according to the 2006 census, after Lagos, Kano, and Ibadan. It is situated approximately 40 kilometres (25 mi) north of the Benin River and 320 kilometres (200 mi) by road east of Lagos. Benin City is the centre of Nigeria's rubber industry, and oil production is also a significant industry.
African art describes the modern and historical paintings, sculptures, installations, and other visual culture from native or indigenous Africans and the African continent. The definition may also include the art of the African diasporas, such as: African-American, Caribbean or art in South American societies inspired by African traditions. Despite this diversity, there are unifying artistic themes present when considering the totality of the visual culture from the continent of Africa.
Egungun, in the broadest sense is any Yoruba masquerade or masked, costumed figure. More specifically, it is a Yoruba masquerade for ancestor reverence, or the ancestors themselves as a collective force. Eégún is the reduced form of the word egúngún and has the same meaning. There is a misconception that Egun or Eegun is the singular form, or that it represents the ancestors while egúngún is the masquerade or the plural form. This misconception is common in the Americas by Orisa devotees that do not speak Yorùbá language as a vernacular. Egungun is a visible manifestation of the spirits of departed ancestors who periodically revisit the human community for remembrance, celebration, and blessings.
Traditional African masks play an important role in ceremonies, rituals, and masquerades across West, Central, and Southern Africa. Ceremonies in which masks are worn include harvest celebrations, funerals, rites of passage, weddings, and coronations. In some societies, masks and masquerades are also used to settle disputes and communal conflicts.
Calixte Dakpogan is a Beninese sculptor known for his installations as well as his masks made out of diverse and original found materials. A native of Pahou, he currently lives and works in Porto Novo. Much of his work is inspired by his Voudon heritage.
Most African sculpture was historically in wood and other organic materials that have not survived from earlier than at most a few centuries ago; older pottery figures are found from a number of areas. Masks are important elements in the art of many peoples, along with human figures, often highly stylized. There is a vast variety of styles, often varying within the same context of origin depending on the use of the object, but wide regional trends are apparent; sculpture is most common among "groups of settled cultivators in the areas drained by the Niger and Congo rivers" in West Africa. Direct images of African deities are relatively infrequent, but masks in particular are or were often made for traditional African religious ceremonies; today many are made for tourists as "airport art". African masks were an influence on European Modernist art, which was inspired by their lack of concern for naturalistic depiction.
Benin art is the art from the Kingdom of Benin or Edo Empire (1440–1897), a pre-colonial African state located in what is now known as the Southern region of Nigeria. Primarily made of cast bronze and carved ivory, Benin art was produced mainly for the court of the Oba of Benin – a divine ruler for whom the craftsmen produced a range of ceremonially significant objects. The full complexity of these works can be appreciated through the awareness and consideration of two complementary cultural perceptions of the art of Benin: the Western appreciation of them primarily as works of art, and their understanding in Benin as historical documents and as mnemonic devices to reconstruct history, or as ritual objects. This original significance is of great importance in Benin.
This is a bibliography of works about Halloween or in which Halloween is a prominent theme.
The Yoruba of West Africa are responsible for a distinct artistic tradition in Africa, a tradition that remains vital and influential today.
The Nigerian National Museum is a national museum of Nigeria, located in the city of Lagos. The museum has a notable collection of Nigerian art, including pieces of statuary, carvings also archaeological and ethnographic exhibits. Of note is a terracotta human head known as the Jemaa Head, part of the Nok culture. The piece is named after Jema'a, the village where it was discovered. The museum is located at Onikan, Lagos Island, Lagos State. The museum is administered by the National Commission for Museums and Monuments.
Ben Cooper, Inc. was a privately held American corporation founded in 1937 which primarily manufactured Halloween costumes from the late 1930s to the late 1980s. It was one of the three largest Halloween costume manufacturers in the U.S. from the 1950s through the mid-1980s. The company's inexpensive plastic masks and vinyl smocks were an iconic American symbol of Halloween from the 1950s to the 1970s, for which Cooper has been called the "Halston of Halloween" and the "High Priest" of Halloween.
Chika Okeke-Agulu is a Nigerian artist, art historian, art curator, and blogger specializing in African and African diaspora art history. He lives in Princeton, New Jersey.
An Epa mask is a ceremonial mask worn by the Yoruba people of Nigeria during the Epa masquerade. Carvings representing priests, hunters, farmers, kings, and mothers are usually depicted on the masks. They are used to acknowledge important roles within the community, and to honor those who perform the roles, as well as ancestors who performed those roles in the past.
Anna Gaskell is an American art photographer and artist from Des Moines, Iowa.
The Benin ivory mask is a miniature sculptural portrait in ivory of Idia, the first Iyoba of the 16th century Benin Empire, taking the form of a traditional African mask. The masks were looted by the British from the palace of the Oba of Benin in the Benin Expedition of 1897.
Leonce Raphael Agbodjelou is a photographer from Benin.
Chijioke Amu-Nnadi is a Nigerian poet and author. His poem poetry was his first published work, appearing in the 1987 anthology of new Nigerian poetry, Voices from the Fringe, edited by Harry Garuba.
The Ibadan National Museum of Unity is an ethnographic museum in Ibadan, Nigeria. The museum is dedicated to the culture of the different ethnic groups of Nigeria.
Thebetsile "Thebe" Magugu is a South African fashion designer. Born in Kimberley and based in Johannesburg, he rose to prominence as the winner of the 2019 LVMH Young Fashion Designer Prize, and a finalist in the 2021 International Woolmark Prize. Magugu has released eleven solo collections under his own namesake label since 2017, as well as several capsules in collaboration with international brands such as Dior, Adidas, and AZ Factory.
References
- ↑ "Phyllis Galembo, American, born 1952". Birmingham Museum of Art. Retrieved 2023-09-24.
- 1 2 "Permanent Collection » Wisconsin Union". union.wisc.edu.
- ↑ "Religion Book Review: Divine Inspiration: From Benin to Bahia by Phyllis Galembo, Author, Phyllis Galembo, Photographer, Joseph Nevdomsky, Designed by University of New Mexico Press $35 (169p) ISBN 978-0-8263-1378-2". PublishersWeekly.com. March 1993. Retrieved 2021-01-23.
- ↑ "Nonfiction Book Review: DRESSED FOR THRILLS: 100 Years of Halloween Costumes & Masquerade by Phyllis Galembo". www.publishersweekly.com. 2002-02-09. Retrieved 2021-01-23.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ Bisschoff, Jürgen (November 2010). "Mummenschanz" (PDF). Geo.
- ↑ Smyth, Diane (October 2010). "The mask". British Journal of Photography: 16.
- ↑ "Phyllis Galembo: Peering behind the mask". The Telegraph. 2016-03-16. ISSN 0307-1235 . Retrieved 2021-01-23.
- ↑ Dickerman, Kenneth. "Wild, wacky and sometimes serious: The surreal outfits of African masquerading". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286 . Retrieved 2021-01-23.
- ↑ AnOther (2016-03-17). "The Astonishing Artistry and Aesthetics of African Masking". AnOther. Retrieved 2021-01-23.
- ↑ Nnadi, Chioma (7 June 2019). "Phyllis Galembo's New Book Offers a Rare Glimpse Inside the World of Mexican Ritual Dress". Vogue. Retrieved 2021-01-23.
- ↑ "John Simon Guggenheim Foundation | Phyllis Galembo".
- ↑ "NYFA Announces Recipients and Finalists for 2016 Artists' Fellowship Program". July 8, 2016.
- ↑ "Names You Know". NYFA.
- ↑ https://libraries.uark.edu/specialcollections/fulbrightdirectories/1993%20-%201994.pdf [ bare URL PDF ]
- ↑ "Divine Inspiration: From Benin To Bahia, Photographs By Phyllis Galembo". International Center of Photography. 2016-02-23. Retrieved 2021-01-23.
- ↑ "American Museum of Natural History Research Library: Search Results".
- ↑ Smith, Roberta (2005-07-15). "Art in Review; Phyllis Galembo (Published 2005)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 2021-01-23.
- ↑ Reid, Calvin (December 2005). "EXHIBITION REVIEWS, PHYLLIS GALEMBO". Art in America .
- ↑ "West African Masquerade: Photographs by Phyllis Galembo". The Frances Young Tang Teaching Museum and Art.
- ↑ "Phyllis Galembo - Artists - Steven Kasher Gallery". www.stevenkasher.com. Retrieved 2021-09-21.
- ↑ "Africa triumphs at the Venice Biennale". BBC News. 2013-06-06. Retrieved 2021-01-23.
- ↑ "Phyllis Galembo: Maske | Boca Raton Museum of Art".
- ↑ "Collections Database". museums.fivecolleges.edu. Retrieved 2021-01-23.
- ↑ "Midnight Princess". Museum of Fine Arts, Houston .
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ "Priest of Oluorogbo, Ife, Nigeria". www.metmuseum.org. Retrieved 2021-01-23.
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