Plumularioidea | |
---|---|
Aglaophenia species (Aglaopheniidae) | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Cnidaria |
Class: | Hydrozoa |
Order: | Leptothecata |
Superfamily: | Plumularioidea McCrady, 1859 |
Plumularioidea is a superfamily of hydrozoans in the order Leptothecata.
This superfamily unites about 45 genera in the following families: [1]
These thecate hydroids grow in erect colonies, branched in some species but unbranched in others. Each branch may bear a single or several animals. In the latter case the hydrothecae are arranged in a neat single file; in either case they are not set on stalks but grow from the branches directly. The hydrothecase have a cusped or even rim and instead of a diaphragm a well-defined floor with a hydropore that is usually off-center. The hydranths have a conical hypostome and a single whorl of thread-like tentacles. The gastrodermis contains areas with and others without digestive function. Nematophores are always present and usually protected by nematothecae. The gonotheca are borne singly or in groups, they may or may not have protective hydrocladia or appendages. The gonophores are usually fixed sporosacs, more rarely they are rather reduced medusoids. [2]
Laniatores is the largest suborder of the arachnid order Opiliones with over 4,000 described species worldwide. The majority of the species are highly dependent on humid environments and usually correlated with tropical and temperate forest habitats.
The Coleophoridae are a family of small moths, belonging to the huge superfamily Gelechioidea. Collectively known as case-bearers, casebearing moths or case moths, this family is represented on all continents, but the majority are found in temperate areas of the Northern Hemisphere. They are most common in the Palearctic, and rare in sub-Saharan Africa, South America, and Australia; consequently, they probably originated in northern Eurasia. They are relatively common in houses, they seek out moist areas to rest and procreate.
Zyzzyzus is a genus of marine tubulariid hydrozoans, which grow embedded in sponges.
Leptothecata, or thecate hydroids, are an order of hydrozoans in the phylum Cnidaria. Their closest living relatives are the athecate hydroids which are similar enough to have always been considered closely related, and the very apomorphic Siphonophora which were placed outside the "Hydroida". Given that there are no firm rules for synonymy for high-ranked taxa, alternative names like Leptomedusa, Thecaphora or Thecata, with or without the ending emended to "-ae", are also often used for Leptothecata.
Conica are a cnidarian suborder of the Leptomedusae. They make up the bulk of their order; their internal relationships are not well resolved, and most of the roughly 30 families are not yet assigned to a superfamily.
Kirchenpaueriidae is a family of hydrozoans in the superfamily Plumularioidea. Their hydrocladia are characteristically set in an alternating fashion as one progresses along the stems, forming two neat rows except in Oswaldella laertesi, which has three such rows. The alternating placement of the hydrocladia can be used to distinguish them from the Plumulariidae which may look superficially similar.
Lovenellidae is a family of hydrozoans. Their hydroids live together in upright stolonal or sympodial colonies, and their gonophores are pedunculate free-roaming medusae. The relationships of this fairly small but distinctive radiation to other members of the order Leptothecata are not well understood at present.
Haleciidae is a family of hydrozoans. Their hydroid colonies emerge from a creeping hydrorhiza and usually form upright branching colonies, although some species' colonies are stolonal. Their gonophores are typically sporosacs, growing singly or bunched into a glomulus. They remain attached to the hydroids or break off to be passively drifted away; in a few, the gonophores are naked.
Pandeidae is a family of hydroids in the class Hydrozoa. Like other jellyfish there is usually a mature medusa form which is pelagic and reproduces sexually and a hydroid or polyp form which is often benthic and reproduces asexually by budding.
Bougainvillia is a genus of hydroids in the family Bougainvilliidae in the class Hydrazoa. Members of the genus are characterised by having the marginal tentacles of their medusae arranged in four bundles. Some species are solitary and others are colonial but all are filter feeders. They are found in the Southern Ocean, having a circumpolar distribution, but some species also occur in the Northern Hemisphere, possibly travelling there as polyps on the hulls of ships.
Hydractiniidae is a cnidarian family of athecate hydroids.
Eudendrium is a large genus of hydroids (Hydrozoa), one of two in the family Eudendriidae. These animals are marine cnidarias in the family Eudendriidae.
Plumulariidae is a family of hydrozoans.
Capitata is a suborder of Hydrozoa, a class of marine invertebrates belonging to the phylum Cnidaria.
Filifera is a suborder of hydrozoans in the order Anthoathecata. They are found in marine, brackish and freshwater habitats.
Aplanulata is a suborder of Hydrozoa, a class of marine and freshwater invertebrates belonging to the phylum Cnidaria. The group have lost its planula larval stage, and the only remnants of the medusa stage is when they functions as gonophores attached to the polyp.
Sarsia is a genus of hydrozoan in the family Corynidae.
Janaria is a genus of commensal athecate hydroids in the family Hydractiniidae. It is a monotypic genus and the only species is Janaria mirabilis, commonly known as staghorn hydrocoral. It is a colonial species and lives on a shell occupied by a hermit crab. It is native to the tropical and semitropical eastern Pacific Ocean.
Zanclea is a genus of hydrozoans belonging to the family Zancleidae.