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In water treatment, coagulation and flocculation involve the addition of compounds that promote the clumping of fine floc into larger floc so that they can be more easily separated from the water. Coagulation is a chemical process that involves neutralization of charge whereas flocculation is a physical process and does not involve neutralization of charge. The coagulation-flocculation process can be used as a preliminary or intermediary step between other water or wastewater treatment processes like filtration and sedimentation. Iron and aluminium salts are the most widely used coagulants but salts of other metals such as titanium and zirconium have been found to be highly effective as well.
References
- ↑ "Polyampholytes in Advanced Polymer Science and Emerging Technologies". Routledge & CRC Press. Retrieved 2024-12-14.
- ↑ Kudaibergenov, Sarkyt E. (2021). "Synthetic and natural polyampholytes: Structural and behavioral similarity". Polymers for Advanced Technologies. 32 (3): 906–918. doi:10.1002/pat.5145. ISSN 1099-1581.
- ↑ Kudaibergenov, Sarkyt E. (2022-01-01). "Application of polyampholytes in emerging technologies". Materials Today: Proceedings. The 1st International Symposium on Emerging Materials and Devices. 71: 31–37. doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2022.07.187. ISSN 2214-7853.
- ↑ Fu, Manfei; Filippov, Sergey K.; Williams, Adrian C.; Khutoryanskiy, Vitaliy V. (2024-04-01). "On the mucoadhesive properties of synthetic and natural polyampholytes". Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 659: 849–858. Bibcode:2024JCIS..659..849F. doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2023.12.176. ISSN 0021-9797. PMID 38218088.
- ↑ Morrissey, Kathryn L.; Keirn, Max I.; Inaba, Yuta; Denham, Annika J.; Henry, Graham J.; Vogler, Brian W.; Posewitz, Matthew C.; Stoykovich, Mark P. (2015-09-01). "Recyclable polyampholyte flocculants for the cost-effective dewatering of microalgae and cyanobacteria". Algal Research. 11: 304–312. Bibcode:2015AlgRe..11..304M. doi:10.1016/j.algal.2015.07.009. ISSN 2211-9264.
- ↑ Stubbs, Christopher; Bailey, Trisha L.; Murray, Kathryn; Gibson, Matthew I. (2020-01-13). "Polyampholytes as Emerging Macromolecular Cryoprotectants". Biomacromolecules. 21 (1): 7–17. doi:10.1021/acs.biomac.9b01053. ISSN 1525-7797. PMC 6960013 . PMID 31418266.
- ↑ Zhang, Wei; Yang, Zhe; Kaufman, Yair; Bernstein, Roy (2018-05-01). "Surface and anti-fouling properties of a polyampholyte hydrogel grafted onto a polyethersulfone membrane". Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 517: 155–165. Bibcode:2018JCIS..517..155Z. doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2018.01.106. ISSN 0021-9797. PMID 29421675.