Portland Flats

Last updated

Portland Flats
Portland Flats.jpg
Portland Flats in 1917
Location map Washington DC Cleveland Park to Southwest Waterfront.png
Red pog.svg
General information
Architectural style Renaissance Revival
Town or cityWashington, D.C.
CountryUnited-States
Coordinates 38°54′17″N77°01′56″W / 38.904859°N 77.032172°W / 38.904859; -77.032172
Completed1881
Demolished1962
OwnerEdward Weston
Design and construction
Architect(s) Adolf Cluss & Paul Schulze

The Portland Flats (later known as the Portland Hotel) was the first luxury apartment building constructed in Washington, D.C. Construction of the elaborate building, designed by architect Adolf Cluss, was completed in 1881. It was built on the south side of Thomas Circle, a traffic circle and park where 14th Street NW, M Street NW, Massachusetts Avenue NW, and Vermont Avenue NW intersect. The triangular-shaped building's main architectural feature was the corner tower and dome, which resulted in the Portland Flats resembling an ocean liner sailing into Thomas Circle.

Contents

Portland Flats was built as a business venture for Edward L. Weston. Apartment buildings had become a popular residential option in his native New York, and the trend continued in Washington, D.C., after completion of the Portland Flats. Its design and prestige influenced dozens of apartment buildings being constructed in the city within a decade of its completion. There would eventually be hundreds of apartment buildings constructed in Washington, D.C., during the next several decades. Many of these were later demolished, including the Portland Flats in 1962. It was replaced with an office building that was later converted into a hotel. The design of the Portland Flats later inspired an identically-named residential building constructed in Brookland.

History

Development and construction

The area around present-day Thomas Circle in Washington, D.C., was mostly undeveloped until after the Civil War. Before then there were only two prominent residential buildings: a house built for Treasury Secretary William H. Crawford in 1820 on the northwest edge of the circle and a mansion on the northeast edge of the circle built for Thomas Coltman in 1843, which was later known as the Wylie Mansion, named after Judge Andrew Wylie. A streetcar line was built along 14th Street NW in the 1860s, making the area more accessible to residents and leading to development. The circle itself, called Memorial Circle at the time, was made into a park in the early 1870s, and Luther Place Memorial Church was built on the north side of the circle in 1873. The circle was renamed Thomas Circle in 1879 when the equestrian statue of George Henry Thomas was installed. [1]

The city's population grew rapidly during and after the Civil War, leading to a housing shortage. Members of Congress often lamented the fact there were no acceptable places to rent with the $5,000 salary they received, and they often stayed in boardinghouses or hotels. [2] [3] There arose a need for apartment buildings to address the problem. In April 1880 an article in The Washington Post noted "Among the thousand and one boardinghouses in Washington, from the semi-hotel to the two-story brick home with its stuffy parlor, there is a not a French flat. Mr. Edward Weston, a retired capitalist of Yonkers, N.Y., proposes to erect here the first house of this style ever built at the Capitol." [3]

Edward L. Weston, a retired New York businessman who had moved to Washington, D.C., in 1878, chose architect and engineer Adolf Cluss (1825-1905) and his business partner Paul Schulze to design an apartment building facing Thomas Circle, the city's first luxury apartment house. [4] [5] Cluss was a German immigrant who moved to Washington, D.C., in the 1850s. He quickly gained a reputation as a talented architect, designing prominent buildings including the Franklin School and Charles Sumner School, Calvary Baptist Church, and the Smithsonian's Arts and Industries Building. Cluss also designed Weston's five-story home at 1426 K Street NW, built in 1878 and demolished in 1950. [4] [5] [6]

A few months before Weston's building was completed, former US representative and New York City mayor Fernando Wood built the first apartment building in Washington, D.C., the Fernando Wood Flats, at 1418 I Street NW. [2] [7] Building permit #1596 was issued for the first phase of Weston's building, the Portland Flats, on June 16, 1880. Weston was reluctant to invest a large amount of money in what was then a new trend in local housing, although he had witnessed the success and popularity of such apartment buildings in New York City and Chicago in the 1870s. [4] [7] Weston told a Post reporter that for the Portland Flats he would "spare no pains in its construction and will pay particular attention to interior decorations". [3] There were doubts amongst some about how successful the business venture would be. One real estate developer said "When the Portland was projected by Mr. Edward Weston he was laughed at, and it was said the people of Washington would never come to living in 'tenement' houses." [3]

The six-story Renaissance Revival-style Portland Flats was built to accommodate the lot's triangular shape where 14th Street and Vermont Avenue intersect with Thomas Circle. [2] [4] In April 1881 an article in the Post stated: "The Portland French flat, at the corner of Fourteenth street and Vermont avenue, will be a finished work some time next week, and a work of beauty it will be." [3] The design was reminiscent of an "ocean liner sailing into Thomas Circle." [2] The cost to rent these apartments was very expensive at the time: $150 a month, which was much higher than the Fernando Wood Flats at $55 a month. [2] [3] [4]

The price and reputation of the Portland Flats led to its popularity with prominent citizens, and construction of the second phase of the building began after permit #0812 was issued on February 2, 1883. [3] [4] [5] After the second phase was completed, the building included 39 apartments at a total cost of $350,000. [4] Notable residents of the Portland Flats included Supreme Court Justice Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar, Agriculture Secretary Julius Sterling Morton, Navy Secretary John Davis Long, Rear Admiral Samuel Rhoads Franklin, Louisiana Representative E. John Ellis, New York Representatives Sereno E. Payne and Edward Wemple, Postmasters General John Creswell and Frank Hatton, US Attorney George B. Corkhill, Indiana Senators Daniel W. Voorhees and Albert J. Beveridge, Vermont Senator William P. Dillingham, Iowa Senator Albert B. Cummins, Michigan Senator Charles E. Townsend, Tennessee Senator Kenneth McKellar, and the widow of Kentucky Governor Luke P. Blackburn. [2] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13]

Later history

Thomas Circle in 1916 with the Portland Flats on the right Thomas Circle in 1916.jpg
Thomas Circle in 1916 with the Portland Flats on the right
The Portland Flats was demolished in 1962. A Residence Inn by Marriott hotel now stands on the location. Residence Inn by Marriott Washington, DC Downtown.jpg
The Portland Flats was demolished in 1962. A Residence Inn by Marriott hotel now stands on the location.

In 1888 the Post called the Portland Flats a "regular gold mine to its owner". [3] The success of the project influenced the development of around 50 apartment buildings throughout the city in the 1880s. [14] Around 15 apartment buildings would eventually be constructed on four adjacent blocks. The construction of these buildings near the Portland Flats along with ornate houses being constructed along Massachusetts Avenue, which intersects with Thomas Circle, enhanced the prestige of the area. [4] Apartments grew increasingly popular amongst Washingtonians, and by 1904 over 300 apartment buildings had been constructed, increasing to almost 600 by 1910. [7]

In 1905 an iron and glass marquee by Frederick Gichner of Gichner Iron Works was installed above the Vermont Avenue entrance. [4] The Portland Flats continued to be a popular choice for luxury apartment living until the 1920s, when the ornate style of the building began to fall out of favor, in addition to many other apartment options being available throughout the city. In 1922 a fire broke out in Senator McKellar's fifth-floor apartment, quickly spreading to the sixth floor and roof. Firefighters arrived quickly on the scene and thousands of spectators watched as they battled the blaze. The fifth-floor was heavily damaged by fire, the sixth floor by smoke, and the lower floors by water that was used to extinguish the flames. [3] [13]

The following year the owners, who were relatives of Weston, sold the Portland Flats to local real estate developer Harry Wardman for $450,000. The first floor was remodeled with five storefronts being built. [3] [15] It was sold shortly thereafter and converted from an apartment building into the Portland Hotel in 1926. The property was sold again in 1928 for $600,000, and an extensive interior remodeling took place. By this time much of the building's prestige had vanished. [3]

The elaborate Victorian details seemed out of place to most people by the 1930s. The building was converted to office space around 1940, and there was more extensive interior remodeling but few changes to the exterior. The property and another former apartment building on the same block, the Hermitage, were sold in 1953 for $600,000. In 1962 property owners Parkwood, Inc., demolished the Portland and replaced it with a surface parking lot. [3] All of the other pre-World War I apartment buildings constructed in the adjacent blocks were also demolished during this time period and replaced with office buildings. [4]

In the 1960s historic preservation was still in its infancy. Post architecture critic Wolf Von Eckardt commented on the demise of the Portland, which he called a "charming period piece" but also stated: "Inside, let's face it, it's a slum as well as a labyrinth and totally unsuitable as an office building." He also criticized the building's corner dome "which somehow can't decide how to stop. It goes on to pierce the sky with a silly pinnacle reminiscent of Kaiser Wilhelm's helmet." [16] Myra MacPherson, at the time a reporter for the Evening Star , watched the slow demolition of the building. [3]

The site was used as a parking lot for a few years, including for people attending National City Christian Church across Thomas Circle, until an 11-story office building was constructed in 1968. [1] [17] [18] The building was later converted into a Residence Inn by Marriott hotel. [18] Monroe Street Market, a mixed-use project across the street from the Catholic University of America in Brookland, was built in 2014 and includes the Portland Flats, a 100-unit residential building inspired by the original Portland Flats design. [19]

Location and design

Thomas Circle in 1922, as viewed from the Portland Flats. Luther Place Memorial Church and the equestrian statue of George Henry Thomas are visible. Thomas Circle - Washington, D.C..jpg
Thomas Circle in 1922, as viewed from the Portland Flats. Luther Place Memorial Church and the equestrian statue of George Henry Thomas are visible.

The Portland Flats was located on Square 215, Lot 12, a triangular lot bordered by 14th Street NW on the east and Vermont Avenue NW on the west. The northern corner of the lot is on the south side of Thomas Circle, a traffic circle and park in Washington, D.C., at the intersection of 14th Street, M Street NW, Massachusetts Avenue NW, and Vermont Avenue NW. [4] [18]

Author and historian John DeFerrari said the shape of the Portland Flats was the "closest Washington has come to having its own Flatiron Building." [3] The red-brick, triangular-shaped building had six floors, not including the basement, and was designed in the Renaissance Revival style with intricate Victorian details including "decorative carvings, glazed brick accents, elaborate belt courses and balconies, and an unusually gaudy fifth floor cornice that appeared almost to drip with ornamentation". [3] [4] The main entrance of the building was on Vermont Avenue. There were three secondary entrances, one on 14th Street, and two leading into the first floor drugstore that faced Thomas Circle. The defining feature of the Portland Flats was a circular tower on the north side facing Thomas Circle. The octagonal tower featured balconies and was topped with a turret and dome. [1] [4]

There were 39 apartments in the Portland Flats each with 10-foot (3.0 m) ceilings and projecting bay windows, providing an abundance of natural light. The largest apartments were on the first through fourth floors. The largest apartments had seven rooms, including a parlor, servants' room, dining room, bathroom, and three bedrooms. Most apartments did not have a kitchen since residents preferred to eat in one of the public dining rooms. Each apartment included a coal-burning fireplace in the parlor and dining room, mostly for aesthetic purposes, but steam heating was used throughout the building. [4] The parlor fireplaces featured "rich ebony mantles, ornamental tile borders and hearths and are surmounted by beveled mirrors". [3] Also included in each apartment was a telephone that connected to the public dining room, janitor's office, and elevator. [4]

There were two hydraulic elevators in the building, a modern feature that enhanced the prestige of the Portland Flats. Some of the larger apartments included a dumbwaiter to the basement level. There were two main staircases in addition to a staircase for servants, each lit by skylights. In addition to the lobby and parlor on the first floor, there were three public dining rooms, one of which was for women, a standard practice at the time of its construction. A corner drugstore and two apartments facing a small courtyard were also on the first floor. The public hallways were marble-tiled and featured arches. [3] [4]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dupont Circle</span> Place in the United States

Dupont Circle is a historic roundabout park and neighborhood of Washington, D.C., located in Northwest D.C. The Dupont Circle neighborhood is bounded approximately by 16th Street NW to the east, 22nd Street NW to the west, M Street NW to the south, and Florida Avenue NW to the north. Much of the neighborhood is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. However, the local government Advisory Neighborhood Commission and the Dupont Circle Historic District have slightly different boundaries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Embassy Row</span> Section of Washington, DC

Embassy Row is the informal name for a section of Northwest Washington, D.C., with a high concentration of embassies, diplomatic missions, and diplomatic residences. It spans Massachusetts Avenue N.W. between 18th and 35th street, bounded by Scott Circle to the south and the United States Naval Observatory to the north; the term is often applied to nearby streets and neighborhoods that also host diplomatic buildings, such as Kalorama.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Logan Circle (Washington, D.C.)</span> Place in the United States

Logan Circle is a historic roundabout park and neighborhood of Washington, D.C., located in Northwest D.C. The majority of Logan Circle is primarily residential, except for the highly-commercialized 14th Street corridor that passes through the western part of the neighborhood. In the 21st century, Logan Circle has been the focus of urban redevelopment and become one of Washington's most expensive neighborhoods. Today, Logan Circle is also one of D.C.'s most prominent gay neighborhoods.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sursum Corda (Washington, D.C.)</span> Neighborhood in the US federal district

Sursum Corda is a small neighborhood located in Washington, D.C., Located in Northeast and Northwest. Bounded by New Jersey Avenue NW, New York Avenue NW & NE, Massachusetts Avenue NW & NE, First Street NW, N Street NW, Florida Avenue NE, Delaware Avenue NE, 2nd Street NE, NoMa-Gallaudet-New York Avenue Metro Train Tracks,

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Adolf Cluss</span> German-American architect (1825-1905)

Adolf Ludwig Cluss also known as Adolph Cluss was a German-born American immigrant who became one of the most important, influential and prolific architects in Washington, D.C., in the late 19th century, responsible for the design of numerous schools and other notable public buildings in the capital. Today, several of his buildings are still standing. He was also a City Engineer and a Building Inspector for the Board of Public Works.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thomas Circle</span> Traffic circle

Thomas Circle is a traffic circle in Northwest Washington, D.C., United States. It is located at the intersection of 14th Street, M Street, Massachusetts Avenue, and Vermont Avenue NW. A portion of Massachusetts Avenue travels through a tunnel underneath the circle. The interior of the circle includes the equestrian statue of George Henry Thomas, a Union Army general in the Civil War.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sixteenth Street Historic District</span> United States historic place

The Sixteenth Street Historic District is a 1.25-mile (2.01 km) linear historic district in Washington, D.C., that includes all structures along 16th Street NW between H Street and Florida Avenue. The district's southern boundary is bordered by Lafayette Square, just north of the White House, and Meridian Hill Park on its northern boundary. It includes an eclectic mix of architectural styles on one of the city's most historic and important numbered streets including single and multi-family residential buildings, embassies, hotels, churches, and office buildings.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">L. Ron Hubbard House</span> Writers museum in Washington D.C.

The L. Ron Hubbard House is a writer's house museum located at 1812 19th Street NW in the Dupont Circle neighborhood of Washington, D.C., USA. Public tours are given on a regular basis. After L. Ron Hubbard established Scientology in the 1950s the building housed offices of the Founding Church of Scientology and it is where he performed the first Scientology wedding. Hubbard's personal office was located in the building from 1956 to 1961. The Founding Church is now located at 1424 16th Street NW.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gladstone and Hawarden Apartment Buildings</span> United States historic place

The Gladstone and Hawarden Apartment Buildings are historic twin buildings located in the Logan Circle neighborhood of Washington, D.C. Built in 1900 and 1901, the Gladstone and Hawarden are early examples of middle class apartment buildings in the city. They were designed in the Romanesque Revival architectural style by prominent local architect George S. Cooper. The buildings, since converted into condominiums and a housing cooperative, were added to the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in 1994.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cass Park Historic District</span> Historic district in Michigan, United States

The Cass Park Historic District is a historic district in Midtown Detroit, Michigan, consisting of 25 buildings along the streets of Temple, Ledyard, and 2nd, surrounding Cass Park. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005 and designated a city of Detroit historic district in 2016.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fraser Mansion</span> Building in Dupont Circle, Washington, D.C.

The Fraser Mansion is a building at 1701 20th Street NW, at the intersection of Connecticut Avenue, 20th Street, and R Street in the Dupont Circle neighborhood of Washington, D.C. constructed in 1890 to be the George S. Fraser mansion, it served as his private residence for five years, a restaurant, a boarding house, the home of the new Founding Church of Scientology, and—currently—the location of Scientology's National Affairs office.

Vlastimil Koubek was an American architect who designed more than 100 buildings, most of them in the Washington metropolitan area, and whose total value topped $2 billion. Most of his work is Modernist in style, although he developed a few structures in other vernaculars. He created the site plan for the redevelopment of Rosslyn, Virginia, and his Ames Center anchored the area's economic recovery. He designed the World Building in Silver Spring, Maryland, which sparked redevelopment of that town's downtown; and the L'Enfant Plaza Hotel in Washington, D.C. In 1985, Washingtonian magazine called him one of 20 people "who in the past 20 years had the greatest impact on the way we live and who forever altered the look of Washington." In 1988, The Washington Post newspaper said his Willard Hotel renovation was one of 28 projects in the area that made a signal contribution to the "feel" and look of Washington, D.C.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Embassy of China, Washington, D.C.</span> Diplomatic mission

The Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the United States is the diplomatic mission of the People's Republic of China to the United States, located at Northwest Quadrant, Washington D.C.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">James G. Blaine Mansion</span> United States historic place

The James G. Blaine Mansion, commonly known as the Blaine Mansion, is a historic house located at 2000 Massachusetts Avenue NW, in the Dupont Circle neighborhood of Washington, D.C. The imposing house was completed in 1882 for James G. Blaine, a Republican politician from Maine who served as Speaker of the House, and later as a US Senator and US Secretary of State. He was also a presidential candidate who was narrowly defeated by Grover Cleveland in the 1884 United States presidential election.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">George S. Cooper</span> American architect and builder

George S. Cooper was an American architect and builder from Washington, D.C. During his 40-year career, he was responsible for designing around 850 properties, including homes, commercial buildings and apartment buildings, several of which are listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). The 1903 book History of the City of Washington states: "It may be thought that Mr. Cooper's forte lies in the designing of apartment houses, since the handsomest in the city are a result of his genius..." and "No young man has played a more important part in the active growth and great development of Greater Washington than George S. Cooper..."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stuyvesant Apartments</span> Former apartment building in Manhattan, New York

The Stuyvesant Apartments, Stuyvesant Flats, Rutherfurd Stuyvesant Flats or simply The Stuyvesant, was an apartment building located at 142 East 18th Street between Irving Place and Third Avenue in the Gramercy Park neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City. It is considered to be the first apartment building in the city intended for the middle class, who previously were not used to living in apartments, which were initially called "French flats" at the time.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stewart's Castle</span> Former mansion in Washington, D.C.

Stewart's Castle, also referred to as Castle Stewart or Stewart's Folly, was a mansion in Washington, D.C., located on the north side of Dupont Circle between Connecticut Avenue and Massachusetts Avenue. The house owed its various names to the original owner, Senator William Morris Stewart, the imposing, turreted facade, and its prominence in an area considered undesirable at the time of its construction. Designed by architect Adolf Cluss, the house was completed in 1873 but only stood for 28 years. It was badly damaged in a fire in 1879 but later repaired and rented to the Chinese Legation from 1886 to 1893. The house was sold to Senator William A. Clark, who razed it in 1901, intending to build a new residence. The plans never came to fruition. The site remained vacant for over 20 years until the construction of a commercial building, which still stands.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sheridan-Kalorama Historic District</span> United States historic place

The Sheridan-Kalorama Historic District is a neighborhood and historic district located in the northwest quadrant of Washington, D.C. The boundaries of the historic district include Rock Creek Park to the north and west, P Street to the south, and 22nd Street and Florida Avenue to the east. On the southwestern edge of the neighborhood is a stretch of Embassy Row on Massachusetts Avenue. The other neighborhood and historic district that lies to the east of Sheridan-Kalorama is Kalorama Triangle Historic District. The two neighborhoods are divided by Connecticut Avenue. For many years both neighborhoods were geographically connected before the stretch of Connecticut Avenue was installed toward the Taft Bridge. Oftentimes, both neighborhoods are simply called "Kalorama" or "Kalorama Heights".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Robert O. Scholz</span> American architect

Robert O. Scholz (1895–1978) was an American architect from Washington, D.C., who is considered one of the city's most important Art Deco designers. A native of New York City, his German parents later moved to Chicago, where he studied at the Armour Institute. Scholz briefly served during World War I before moving to Washington, D.C. He worked as an engineer and draftsman before starting his own architectural firm in 1922.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Oak Lawn (Washington, D.C.)</span> Former large estate replaced by modern buildings

Oak Lawn was a large house and wooded estate that once stood on the edge of today's Dupont Circle and Adams Morgan neighborhoods in Washington, D.C. The estate was bounded by 19th Street, Columbia Road, Connecticut Avenue, and Florida Avenue. Previously called Widow's Mite, the estate was originally several hundred acres, but by the 19th century, had been reduced to around 10 acres. The house was built around 1820 and was greatly expanded in 1873 by Thomas P. Morgan, one half of the eponym of the Adams Morgan neighborhood. A large oak tree, nicknamed the Treaty Oak, was reportedly hundreds of years old and stood just a few yards from the house.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Bednar, Michael (2006). L'Enfant's Legacy: Public Open Spaces in Washington, D.C. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 168–170. ISBN   9780801883187.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Goode, James M. (2003). Capital Losses. Smithsonian. p. 213. ISBN   9781588341051.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 DeFerrari, John (January 19, 2016). "The Portland, Washington's First Luxury Apartment House". Streets of Washington. Archived from the original on May 13, 2021. Retrieved March 14, 2022.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Goode, James M. (1988). Best Addresses. Smithsonian. pp. 8–10. ISBN   9780874744767.
  5. 1 2 3 Lewis, Tom (2015). Washington A History of Our National City. Basic Books. p. 210. ISBN   9780465039210.
  6. ↑ "DC Architects Directory" (PDF). DC Office of Planning. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 1, 2020. Retrieved March 14, 2022.
  7. 1 2 3 Gilmore, Matthew B. (August 28, 2016). "New Yorkers Transform How Washingtonians Live: Washington's 19th Century Apartment Revolution". The InTowner. Archived from the original on 27 October 2020. Retrieved March 14, 2022.
  8. ↑ "Points of Interest". The Washington Herald. March 5, 1917. Archived from the original on March 13, 2022. Retrieved March 14, 2022.
  9. ↑ "Capital's Earthquakes Echo Through the Years". Evening Star. November 3, 1935. Archived from the original on March 13, 2022. Retrieved March 14, 2022.
  10. ↑ Carpenter, Frank G. (February 14, 1904). "Senator Beveridge on the Struggles for Manchuria". Omaha Daily Bee. Archived from the original on March 13, 2022. Retrieved March 14, 2022.
  11. ↑ "Silver Hair on Trial". The L'Anse Sentinel. March 17, 1894. Archived from the original on March 13, 2022. Retrieved March 14, 2022.
  12. ↑ United States Congressional Serial Set Volume 2170. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1884. Archived from the original on 2022-08-05. Retrieved 2022-03-14.
  13. 1 2 "Fire In a Senator's Rooms". The New York Times. May 2, 1922.
  14. ↑ "District of Columbia Inventory of Historic Sites" (PDF). DC Office of Planning. September 30, 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 1, 2020. Retrieved March 14, 2022.
  15. ↑ "The Growing Trade Center". Evening Star. May 22, 1924. Archived from the original on March 13, 2022. Retrieved March 14, 2022.
  16. ↑ Von Eckardt, Wolf (March 13, 1962). "Time Runs Out for 1880 Landmark: City's First Apartment House to Be Razed". The Washington Post . p. B1. ProQuest   141641361.
  17. ↑ "The National City Christian Church". Evening Star. September 28, 1963. Archived from the original on March 13, 2022. Retrieved March 14, 2022.
  18. 1 2 3 "1121 Vermont Avenue NW". DC Historic Preservation Office. Archived from the original on May 23, 2020. Retrieved March 14, 2022.
  19. ↑ Salustri, John (September 23, 2015). "Monroe Street Market – A Community's Unifying Theme". GlobeSt.com. Archived from the original on March 16, 2022. Retrieved March 14, 2022.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.