Priya Natarajan was born in Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu in India to academic parents.[5] She grew up in New Delhi, where she would visit Nehru Planetarium Delhi and had a great interest in celestial and terrestrial maps as a kid.[4] Her parents bought her a telescope and microscope as a child,[6] to which she commented: "it was very clear to me that it was the telescope."[7] During her high school education, her father gifted her a computer, Commodore 64 (personal computers were not known in India at the time[8]), for mapping the night sky,[9] which inspired her later education, career and writing a book Mapping the Heavens: The Radical Scientific Ideas That Revealthe Cosmos, published in 2016.[10][11]
In 1984, Natarajan enrolled herself in an amateur astronomy club based at the Nehru Planetarium in New Delhi. She told the then-director of the planetarium Nirupama Raghavan that she owned a personal computer and asked for a research project. Raghavan immediately assigned her to plot the whole night sky over New Delhi. Within six weeks Natarajan self-taught spherical geometry and developed the technique to map the night sky.[8] Two years later, she completed the project, to which Raghavan commented that she had become a "real scientist."[9] She studied at St. Thomas's School before completing her schooling at Delhi Public School.[11]
Education
Natarajan has undergraduate degrees in physics and mathematics from M.I.T (1986-1991).[12] She was awarded a Master of Science from the Program in Science, Technology & Society at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA (1991-1994).[12] She continued for a Ph.D. programme and started researching on the history and philosophy of science focussing on cosmology. After three years she met German astronomer Martin Schwarzschild who understood her capacity in astronomy and persuaded her to change her study to theoretical astrophysics. She later recalled: "I never really went back to finish that first PhD!"[13]
Natarajan joined the faculty of Yale University in 2000 and later promoted to professor of astronomy and physics.[5] She had served as Chair of the National Astronomy and Astrophysics Advisory Committee that advises NASA, NSF and DoE; as Chair of the Division of Astrophysics of the American Physical Society.[16] As of 2024, she was a Joseph S. and Sophia S. Fruton Professor and Chair of Astronomy.[5] As of 2025, she is director of the Franke Program in Science and the Humanities.[17]
Natarajan developed a method for mapping the distribution of dark matter on small scales within galaxy clusters using gravitational lensing. Her technique combines strong and weak lensing to reconstruct the substructure of cluster-lenses at high resolution, and has become a standard tool in observational cosmology.[12] Working with data from the Hubble Space Telescope's Frontier Fields program, her group has used clusters of galaxies as natural telescopes to study magnified background sources and to test predictions of the standard cosmological model on small scales.[12]
Black hole seeds and growth
Natarajan proposed, with Martin Rees, a model for the formation of massive direct-collapse black hole seeds at high redshift — black holes that form not from stellar remnants but from the direct gravitational collapse of primordial gas in early dark matter halos.[18] This model addresses the problem of how supermassive black holes observed at very high redshift could have grown so massive so quickly.
In 2023, Natarajan and collaborators reported the detection of UHZ1, an X-ray-luminous source at redshift z ≈ 10.1 identified using the James Webb Space Telescope and Chandra X-ray Observatory, consistent with an actively accreting black hole with properties matching the direct-collapse seed model.[19]
Self-regulation of black hole growth
Natarajan proposed that AGN feedback imposes an upper mass limit — a "ceiling" — on black hole growth, predicting that the most massive black holes self-regulate through the energy they inject into their surroundings. This prediction, made around 2008, was subsequently confirmed by observational surveys of black hole demographics.[18]
Her other research interests include the co-evolution of galaxies and their central black holes, multi-messenger astrophysics of supermassive black hole binaries, the application of machine learning to astrophysical datasets.[12], and Gamma-ray bursts – the relation of gamma-ray burst rates to the globally averaged star formation rate, the morphology and properties of gamma-ray burst host galaxies in the optical, and sub-mm wave-bands, the SN-GRB connection.[20]
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