Pseudaxine kurra

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Pseudaxine kurra
Scientific classification Red Pencil Icon.png
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Platyhelminthes
Class: Monogenea
Order: Mazocraeidea
Family: Gastrocotylidae
Genus: Pseudaxine
Species:
P. kurra
Binomial name
Pseudaxine kurra
Unnithan, 1968

Pseudaxine kurra is a species of monogenean, parasitic on the gills of a marine fish. It belongs to the family Gastrocotylidae. [1]

In biology, a species ( ) is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate sexes or mating types can produce fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction. Other ways of defining species include their karyotype, DNA sequence, morphology, behaviour or ecological niche. In addition, paleontologists use the concept of the chronospecies since fossil reproduction cannot be examined. While these definitions may seem adequate, when looked at more closely they represent problematic species concepts. For example, the boundaries between closely related species become unclear with hybridisation, in a species complex of hundreds of similar microspecies, and in a ring species. Also, among organisms that reproduce only asexually, the concept of a reproductive species breaks down, and each clone is potentially a microspecies.

Fish vertebrate animal that lives in water and (typically) has gills

Fish are gill-bearing aquatic craniate animals that lack limbs with digits. They form a sister group to the tunicates, together forming the olfactores. Included in this definition are the living hagfish, lampreys, and cartilaginous and bony fish as well as various extinct related groups. Tetrapods emerged within lobe-finned fishes, so cladistically they are fish as well. However, traditionally fish are rendered paraphyletic by excluding the tetrapods. Because in this manner the term "fish" is defined negatively as a paraphyletic group, it is not considered a formal taxonomic grouping in systematic biology, unless it is used in the cladistic sense, including tetrapods. The traditional term pisces is considered a typological, but not a phylogenetic classification.

Gastrocotylidae Family of worms

Gastrocotylidae is a family of polyopisthocotylean monogeneans. All the species in this family are parasitic on fish.

Contents


Systematics

Pseudaxine kurra was described based on several specimens from the gills of the yellowtail scad Caranx kurra ( currently named Atule mate ) [2] (Carangidae), collected off India. [1]

Carangidae family of fishes

The Carangidae are a family of fish which includes the jacks, pompanos, jack mackerels, runners, and scads.

India Country in South Asia

India, also known as the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh largest country by area and with more than 1.3 billion people, it is the second most populous country and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west; China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives, while its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.

Description

Pseudaxine kurra has the general morphology of all species of Pseudaxine , with an elongate body tapering towards both ends, comprising an anterior part which contains most organs and a posterior part called the haptor. The haptor triangular, asymmetrical, without extensions from body organs, disposed slightly oblique to the long axis of the body and bears 15-28 clamps, arranged in a single row. The clamps of the haptor attach the animal to the gill of the fish. The extreme of the haptor carries an elongated proboscis-like process callled "the terminal lapet", bearing two pair of symmetrical hooks. There are also two spherical or oval buccal suckers at the anterior extremity. The digestive organs include an anterior, terminal funnel shaped and muscular mouth, a large and oval pharynx, a broad oesophagus and a posterior intestine that bifurcates in two lateral branches with numerous short outer and few short intercrural branches, posteriorly terminating independently behind the last testis, the right branche slightly over-reach the left. Each adult contains male and female reproductive organs. The reproductive organs include an anterior genital atrium, a muscular and conical penis, with a basal bulb and a distal corona of 10-12 recurved hooks, a single unarmed dorsal vagina, an inverted 'U' shaped ovary, and 9-14 irregularly oval or somewhat rectangular testes post-ovarian, and extend to the base of the haptor in the intercrural space. Eggs spindle shaped, with filaments at both ends. [1]

<i>Pseudaxine</i>

Pseudaxine is a genus which belongs to the phylum Platyhelminthes and class Monogenea; all its species are parasites of fish.

Haptor organ of Monogeneans

The haptor is the attachment organ of the monogeneans, a group of parasitic Platyhelminthes. The haptor is sometimes called opisthaptor to emphasize that it is located in the posterior part of the body, and to differentiate it from the prohaptor, a structure including glands located at the anterior part of the body. According to Yamaguti (1963), the chief adhesive organ of the monogeneans, the haptor, is posterior, more or less discoid, muscular, may be divided into alveoli or loculi, is usually provided with anchors, has nearly always marginal larval hooklets, or is in a reduced form with anchors. The haptor may consist of symmetrical or asymmetrical, sessile or pedunculate, muscular suckers or clamps with or without supporting sclerites; accessory adhesive organs may be present in form of armed plaques, lappets or appendices.

Clamp (zoology) main attachment structure of Polyopisthocotylean monogeneans

Clamps are the main attachment structure of the Polyopisthocotylean monogeneans.
These ectoparasitic worms have a variable number of clamps on their haptor ; each clamp is attached to the host fish, generally to its gill. Clamps include sclerotised elements, called the sclerites, and muscles. The structure of clamps varies according to the groups within the Polyopisthocotylean monogeneans; microcotylids have relatively simple clamps, whereas gastrocotylids have more complex clamps.

Etymology

The specific epithet kurra is derived from the generic name of the type-host Caranx kurra. [1]

Hosts and localities

The yellowtail scad Atule mate is the type host of Pseudaxine kurra Yellowtail scad Palau.jpg
The yellowtail scad Atule mate is the type host of Pseudaxine kurra

The type-host is the yellowtail scad Atule mate (Carangidae). The type-locality is off India. Several specimens of Gastrocotyle kurra were observed on the gill filaments of the host along with Pseudaxine kurra. [1] It was also recorded on the type-host off China. [3] [4] [5]

China State in East Asia

China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia and the world's most populous country, with a population of around 1.404 billion. Covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers (3,700,000 sq mi), it is the third- or fourth-largest country by total area. Governed by the Communist Party of China, the state exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four direct-controlled municipalities, and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau.

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Monogenea class of worms

Monogeneans are a group of ectoparasitic flatworms commonly found on the skin, gills, or fins of fish. They have a direct lifecycle and do not require an intermediate host. Adults are hermaphrodites, meaning they have both male and female reproductive structures. Monogeneans have a series of hooks which are used to attach onto fish, and as a result, could lead to infections.

<i>Lethacotyle vera</i> species of worm

Lethacotyle vera is a species of monogenean of the family Protomicrocotylidae.

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Microcotyle constricta is a species of monogenean, parasitic on the gills of a marine fish. It belongs to the family Microcotylidae..

Microcotyle longirostri is a species of monogenean, parasitic on the gills of a marine fish. It belongs to the family Microcotylidae.

Microcotyle omani is a species of monogenean, parasitic on the gills of a marine fish. It belongs to the family Microcotylidae.

Microcotyle odacis is a species of monogenean, parasitic on the gills of a marine fish. It belongs to the family Microcotylidae.

Microcotyle polymixiae is a species of monogenean, parasitic on the gills of a marine fish. It belongs to the family Microcotylidae. It was first described and illustrated based on 82 whole mounts, from the gills of the silver eye, Polymixia japonica (Polymixiidae) off Hawaii..

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Microcotyle lichiae is a species of monogenean, parasitic on the gills of a marine fish. It belongs to the family Microcotylidae.

<i>Microcotyle pempheri</i> Species of worms

Microcotyle pempheri is a species of monogenean, parasitic on the gills of a marine fish. It belongs to the family Microcotylidae.

Microcotyle hainanensis is a species of monogenean, parasitic on the gills of a marine fish. It belongs to the family Microcotylidae.

Microcotyle rubrum is a species of monogenean, parasitic on the gills of a marine fish. It belongs to the family Microcotylidae. It was described from the gills of the tigertooth croaker Otolithes ruber (Sciaenidae) from Karachi coast off Pakistan.

Microcotyle zalembius is a species of monogenean, parasitic on the gills of a marine fish. It belongs to the family Microcotylidae. It was first described an illustrated based on 43 specimens from the gills of the pink seaperch Zalembius rosaceus (Embiotocidae) off San Pedro, California.

<i>Microcotyle visa</i> Species of worms

Microcotyle visa is a species of monogenean, parasitic on the gills of a marine fish. It belongs to the family Microcotylidae.


Microcotyle inglisi is a species of monogenean, parasitic on the gills of a marine fish. It belongs to the family Microcotylidae. It was first described and illustrated based on 5 specimens from the gills of the Indian mackerel Scomber microlepidotus (Scombridae) off Odisha, India..


Microcotyle korathai is a species of monogenean, parasitic on the gills of a marine fish. It belongs to the family Microcotylidae. It was first described and illustrated based on 6 specimens from the gills of the Indian mackerel Scomber microlepidotus (Scombridae) off Odisha, India..

<i>Pseudaxine trachuri</i> Species of worms

Pseudaxine trachuri is a species of monogenean, parasitic on the gills of a marine fish. It belongs to the family Gastrocotylidae.

Pseudaxine indicana is a species of monogenean flatworm, which is parasitic on the gills of a marine fish. It belongs to the family Gastrocotylidae.

Pseudaxine bivaginalis is a species of monogenean flatworm, which is parasitic on the gills of a marine fish. It belongs to the family Gastrocotylidae.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Unnithan, R.V. (1968) on six species of Monogenetic trematodes, parasitic on the gills of marine fishes from the Indian seas. Treubia, 27, 141-164. PDF Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
  2. ↑ Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. (2019). FishBase. Atule mate (Cuvier, 1833). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=218384 on 2019-03-05
  3. ↑ Ding, X., Pan, J., & Liu, L. (2003). Monogenea of Chinese marine fishes a new species of Monaxinoides from fishes of the South China Sea (Mazocraeidea, Monaxinoididae). Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica, 28(4), 606-609.
  4. ↑ Zhang J.Y., Yang T.B. & Liu L. (2001) Monogeneans of Chinese marine fishes. Beijing: Agriculture Press, 400 pp. (In Chinese).
  5. ↑ Jianying, Z., Tingbao, Y., Lin, L., Xuejuan, D., 2003. A list of monogeneans from Chinese marine fishes. Syst. Parasitol. 54, 111-130
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