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The Rackheath Eco-town is a proposal for just over 5,000 [1] houses to be built in the Rackheath area, in Norfolk, [2] within a mile of The Broads National Park. [3] The controversial proposals have been featured on many programmes, including BBC One's Politics Show, [4] BBC One's Look East, [5] ITV's Anglia Tonight [6] and a BBC One Norwich North By-Election Special. [7]
The site was used for agricultural purposes until 1943 when an airfield, RAF Rackheath, was constructed and used by the United States Army Air Force Eighth Air Force. [8] The airfield was closed at the end of war in 1945 and the land was returned to farming with most of the runways and taxiways being broken up for aggregate. Some buildings were retained and now form part of Rackheath Industrial Estate. [9]
In the late 1990s, a large residential development was planned for the Rackheath and Salhouse area, but after public consultation, this did not progress any further.
The government launched a programme to build a number of sustainable green new towns in 2007 and invited proposals. The plan was to build up to 200,000 new homes on government-owned land in the greenbelt by 2020. To allow the settlements to be built in this timescale the plans would not have to go through the standard planning process. [10]
The proposal to develop the Rackheath site as an eco-community was presented by Building Partnerships, who represent the land owners, and Barratt Homes. The proposal was considered by personnel from the Low Carbon Innovation Centre at the University of East Anglia, which comprises Carbon Connections and the Community Carbon Reduction Programme (CRed). [11] Since the original proposal LCIC has offered technical support to the project.
Prior to their involvement with Rackheath, LCIC had investigated the eco-town proposal for Coltishall and decided not to become involved.
In June 2009, the site was given the go-ahead from the Government, after receiving an A-grade listing, meaning the location would be generally suitable for an eco-town. [12] The proposals would still have to go through the planning process, where they would meet the fierce opposition of many local residents and political parties. [13]
The plans for the Rackheath Eco Town have now been superseded by the Rackheath Masterplan to build a development including up to 4000 new homes, a secondary school and two new primary schools, an employment area, waste recycling, recreation grounds and a health and social care facility. Provision for new road infrastructure was also required. https://www.adrianjamesacoustics.com/environmental/rackheath-masterplan/. However it seems that these plans are, as at Feb 2021, now in doubt as two of the original consortium partners have withdrawn due to the delay caused by the successful high court challenge preventing over development on the Norfolk Broads https://www.richardbuxton.co.uk/transcripts/heard-v-broadland-district-council. This challenge was brought by the SNUB campaign group led by Stephen Heard who was shortlisted as a finalist in the 2010 SMK Campaigner Awards in Local Campaigner https://smk.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/SMK-CAMPAIGNER-AWARDS-2010.pdf
The plans consist of over 4000 houses to be built in the Rackheath area. [10] The proposed area stretches from the Rackheath Industrial Estate, past Salhouse railway station to Stonehouse Road, Salhouse, and is approximately 3 square miles (7.8 km2) or nearly 8 square kilometres in size. [14] The site is also within a mile of The Broads National Park, [3] where many forms of wildlife can be found, including the Norfolk hawker dragonfly, the swallowtail butterfly. [15]
The development will be well connected to the road network. The A1151 road runs to the west of the settlement and the proposed Norwich Northern Distributor Road dual-carriageway (NDR) which would run to the south and link the settlement with the A47 road to the east and the A140 road / Norwich International Airport to the west. [16]
A new rail station is proposed for the development, on the Bittern Line [17] with an aim of offering a 15-minute service to central Norwich during peak times. [18]
Professor David Lock claimed that ministers were planning to "crash the planning process" to build the eco-towns. [19] In a poll conducted by Rackheath parish council, only 10% of the 2000 residents contacted responded, with 71% of them against an ecotown. [20] Rackheath featured on a Look East by-election special in front of a live local audience during which Stewart White conducted a poll of the audience, with only 6 people in favour of the eco-town, and the rest of the audience against it. [21] Campaigners also feel that their local parish councils and district councils have not taken their view on the situation into account and have just made decisions based on Government ideas, [22] although there is no evidence to support this.
One person close to the Eco-towns scheme, who does not wish to be named, has said: ‘It goes something like this. Someone told the Department of Communities and Local Government (DCLG): “Why don’t you propose greenfield sites in the middle of nowhere and call them eco-towns. It will be a great way of beating the system and getting over regional planning guidance”.’ [23] Another said, "We know this area is designated for housing and would urge all concerned to ensure that the development is low carbon and acts as an exemplar." In addition, the local authority in which Rackheath sits, Broadland District Council, believes that an exemplar development, that includes energy efficient homes and encourages sustainable living will provide a higher quality development for existing and future Rackheath residents. [24] Many campaigners and local residents have simply replied stating that they live in this area because of the peace, tranquillity and rural setting and building a development, however energy efficient, will decrease their quality of life. The campaigners also say that building a large housing estate on a greenfields site, even if it is energy efficient, will harm the environment more than if it was left as farmland.
The Town and Country Planning Association has come under scrutiny, after it lobbied strongly for the eco-towns and also happens to include in its subscribed membership, many of the developers who are bidding for the scheme. [23] As a result, the TCPA have also been accused of an alleged conflict of interest, since some of its leaders acted as consultants to eco-town bidders. [23] Peter Hall, a TCPA member and distinguished planner, is known to be very uncomfortable that the eco-towns are to be fast-tracked through the planning system, especially as the TCPA are an organisation that have prided itself on the importance of local consultation. [23]
Many campaigners, including people close to the eco-town scheme, have stated that many eco-towns are 'dead in the water', and that getting even single development of 10,000-plus homes anywhere in England without a consultation process is unlikely and wrong. [23] On the other hand, most people accept the need for more housing and believe developments should be low carbon.
A number of local opposition groups have been established to fight the development including SNUB (Stop Norwich Urbanisation) [25] and RETAG (Rackheath Eco Town Action Group). [26] The issue has been highlighted in the Norwich North by-election in July 2009 where the conservative candidate objected to the control exercised by central government and other candidates criticised the use of the 'eco' label. [27] A petition was created on the Number 10 Downing Street e-petition website. [28]
The Campaign to Protect Rural England however felt that Rackheath was one of less damaging of the initial list of 15 sites [29] Many campaigners share the view that just because Rackheath achieved the best rating out of the 10 sites chosen, doesn't mean that it is a good site. Other locations have been suggested by campaigners, such as Postwick, as they provide a better location with better transport links such as railway line, river, dual carriageway, [30] a Park and Ride depot [31] as well as a large business park. [32] There has however been no consultation of the people of Postwick.
The transport page of the official Rackheath eco-town website highlights the new railway station, the proposed cycle routes and the bus gates and other initiatives to reduce car dependency. It also notes that the government requirement to reduce single occupancy car-based transport by 50% would be a challenge. [18]
The development is actually just to the north of a new proposed dual carriageway, the Norwich Northern Distributor Road which has also been subject to sustained opposition [33] which would link the new-town to Norwich International Airport and the A47 road.
The official website created by the sponsors of the project makes no mention of the Norwich Northern Distributor Road by name on their site. It does appear on 'masterplan' map, but this only shows it as a thin white line without any meaningful labels, leaves one of the junctions off the map and does not label the other junction. On the same map the A1151 to the west is labelled as Wroxham Road rather than as an A-road. [17] The current road network may be suitable for the current volume of traffic, but problems and congestion may start to develop with the possible increase of a few thousand cars per day.
Local campaigners said that relying on a "brand new dual carriageway" (the NDR) for the scheme would make it unsustainable. [34]
By contrast, Sandra Eastaugh, manager of the Greater Norwich Development Partnership (GNDP) said they were delighted with the decision and would bid for a share of the £60m local infrastructure fund to support the construction of the Norwich Northern Distributor Road which she said had an important part to play in improving the local public transport network and reducing dependence on private cars.
Norwich International Airport is not mentioned on the transport page of the official website. The only reference to it on the main website is in the employment section where it mentions that improved bus links will be provided to the expanding industrial area at the airport [35]
The current rail service does not allow room for an extra station to be added to the line, due to the length of single track along the line and the current signalling network. [36] The current service at Salhouse is only hourly during peak hours and two-hourly during off-peak hours, [37] as not all trains are able to stop due to these problems. Fitting additional trains to this very tight network would not be possible without disrupting the entire network, as the length of the service would increase, missing the connections to the mainline services. This would mean that a new 15-minute shuttle service between Norwich and Rackheath would have to be created[ speculation? ]; however, this would interrupt the main service and cause additional platforming problems. Finding extra trains to run this service and finding extra space on the platforms at Norwich railway station to house these extra trains poses additional problems, as during peak hours all platforms are currently used[ citation needed ].
In addition, the plans to the site show that both the existing and the new rail station, which is being built 300m away from the existing station, will remain open[ citation needed ].
. As the trains cannot stop at both stations, changing between the two services would be difficult and confusing, as this would involve changing stations.[ specify ]
Salhouse is a village and civil parish in the Broads in the English county of Norfolk. It lies south of the River Bure and Salhouse Broad, about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) north-east of Norwich. The civil parish has an area of 8.96 km2 (3.46 sq mi) and in the 2001 census had a population of 1,462 in 604 households, increasing to 1,486 in 638 households at the 2011 Census. For the purposes of local government, the parish falls within the district of Broadland although areas adjoining the river and broad fall into the executive area of the Broads Authority.
Norwich is a city and district of Norfolk, England, of which it is the county town. Norwich is by the River Wensum, about 100 miles (160 km) north-east of London, 40 miles (64 km) north of Ipswich and 65 miles (105 km) east of Peterborough. As the seat of the See of Norwich, with one of the country's largest medieval cathedrals, it is the largest city in East Anglia.
Aylsham is a historic market town and civil parish on the River Bure in north Norfolk, England, nearly 9 mi (14 km) north of Norwich. The river rises near Melton Constable, 11 miles (18 km) upstream from Aylsham and continues to Great Yarmouth and the North Sea, although it was only made navigable after 1779, allowing grain, coal and timber to be brought up river.
The A47 is a trunk road in England linking Birmingham to Lowestoft, Suffolk. Most of the section between Birmingham and Nuneaton is now classified as the B4114.
The A11 is a major trunk road in England. It runs roughly north east from London to Norwich, Norfolk, although after the M11 opened in the 1970s and then the A12 extension in 1999, a lengthy section has been downgraded between the suburbs of east London and the north-west corner of the county of Essex. It also multiplexes/overlaps with the A14 on the Newmarket bypass.
Norwich Airport is an international airport in Hellesdon, Norfolk, England, 2.5 miles (4.0 km) north of Norwich. In 2017, Norwich Airport was the 28th busiest airport in the UK and busiest in the East Anglia region.
The Bittern Line is a railway branch line in Norfolk, England, that links Norwich to Sheringham. It passes through the Broads on its route to an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty on the north Norfolk coast. It is named after the bittern, a rare bird found in the reedy wetlands of Norfolk.
Thorpe St Andrew is a town and civil parish in the Broadland district of Norfolk, England. It is situated on the River Yare, two miles east of the centre of Norwich, and is outside the boundary of the city. The civil parish has an area of 708 ha and had a population of 14,556 at the 2011 census; this was an increase from the 2001 figure of 13,762. It is the administrative headquarters of the Broadland district council.
The Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment (CABE) was an executive non-departmental public body of the UK government, established in 1999. It was funded by both the Department for Culture, Media and Sport and the Department for Communities and Local Government. It was merged into the Design Council on 1 April 2011.
Long Stratton is a town and civil parish in Norfolk, England. It historically consisted of two villages; the larger, Stratton St. Mary, is to the south, and the other, Stratton St. Michael, is to the north. It is home to a substantial population of 4,424. South Norfolk Council have their headquarters in the town, which is located roughly central to the district.
Reepham is a market town and civil parish in the Broadland district of Norfolk, England. Reepham is situated on the B1145 road between the Bure and Wensum valleys. The town is 12 miles (19 km) northwest of Norwich. At the time of the 2001 census the civil parish had a population of 2,455 residents in 970 households, occupying an area of 1,909 hectares. increasing to a population of 2,709 in 1,169 households at the 2011 census.
Northstowe is a new town that will eventually have up to 10,000 homes, with an anticipated population of 24,400 in Cambridgeshire, England, UK. On 1 April 2021 Northstowe became a civil parish, the parish was formed from Longstanton and Oakington and Westwick, with the first town council elected on 6th May of that year. Northstowe has been in development for around 15 years and through varying political administrations. Originally proposed to be "an exemplar of sustainability in the use of renewable energy resources and reducing carbon emissions", Northstowe will still have many exemplar features including a Sustainable Urban Drainage Scheme (SUDS) and bus, bicycle and pedestrian only links. The Northstowe site is five miles (8 km) northwest of the city of Cambridge, between the villages of Oakington and Longstanton. The Northstowe development is being led by Homes England, the successor body to the Homes and Communities Agency, and the developers Gallagher Estates.
Rackheath is a village and civil parish in the English county of Norfolk, and is roughly 6 miles (9.7 km) north-east of Norwich city centre. It covers an area of 7.52 km2 (2.90 sq mi) and had a population of 1,551 in 625 households at the 2001 census, increasing to a population of 1,972 in 762 households at the 2011 Census. For the purposes of local government, it falls within the district of Broadland. It is the site of a proposed new eco-town.
Eco-towns are a government-sponsored programme of new towns to be built in England, which are intended to achieve exemplary standards of sustainability.
Weston Otmoor was a proposed new eco-town in the north of Oxfordshire in countryside to the east of the village of Weston-on-the-Green. It would have been next to Junction 9 of the M40 motorway and 7 miles (11 km) north of Oxford and was one of 15 bids shortlisted by the Department of Communities and Local Government on 3 April 2008. Eco-towns were subject to a consultation by the Department of Communities and Local Government ending 30 June 2008.
The St Austell and Clay Country Eco-town is a plan to build a new town on a cluster of sites owned by mining company Imerys near St Austell, in Cornwall, UK. The plan was given outline government approval in July 2009. The plan would need to gain full planning permission before construction commenced.
The Norwich Northern Distributor Road, now officially named the Broadland Northway is a 12.4 mi (20.0 km) dual-carriageway linking the A47 to the south east of the city to the proposed Rackheath Eco-town and Norwich International Airport to the north of Norwich before finishing at the A1067 Fakenham Road to the north west of the city. The road is designated the A1270, and in Spring 2018 was named the Broadland Northway.
Railways have played an important part in the history and development of the English county of Norfolk. It currently has thirty open National Rail stations, though there were once well over a hundred.
Broadland High Ormiston Academy is a rural mixed academy in Hoveton, Norfolk for pupils aged 11 to 16. As of August 1, 2018, the school joined Ormiston Academies Trust.
SNUB or Stop Norwich UrBanisation is a non-profit organisation based around Norwich, United Kingdom, whose aim is to stop the urbanisation of Norwich and its surrounding villages, such as Rackheath, Salhouse, Wroxham and Postwick.
