Cardinal Radulfus Nigellus | |
|---|---|
| Cardinal-Priest | |
 | |
| Church | Santa Prassede (1188) |
| Orders | |
| Created cardinal | March 1185 by Pope Lucius III |
| Rank | Cardinal Deacon, then Cardinal Priest |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Pisa (?) |
| Died | 30 December 1188 Mortara |
| Nationality | Italian |
| Residence | Rome, Verona |
| Occupation | courtier papal legate |
| Profession | parish priest |
Radulfus Nigellus [1] (died 30 December 1188) was a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He was a native of Pisa, [2] or perhaps of France. [3]
Radulfus held the title magister, though the source of the title and the expertise which supported it are unknown. [4]
Driven out of Rome by the Roman commune, due to the war over Tusculum, Pope Lucius III (1181–1185) fled to the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, who was at Verona. [5] Some of the cardinals followed Pope Lucius to Verona; others, however, whose followers had perpetrated the outrages at Tusculum and in the Roman campagna, remained in the city. [6] Radulfus was a member of the papal court and followed Pope Lucius III in his flight from the Roman commune to Verona in July 1184. Far from obtaining aid from the emperor Frederick Barbarossa, they fell into quarreling, and the papal court became prisoner of the emperor in Verona.
Radulfus was named a cardinal by Pope Lucius III (1181-1185) in Verona on Ash Wednesday 1185, and assigned the deaconry of San Giorgio in Velabro in Rome. [7] He first subscribed his name to a papal document, as far as current evidence shows, on 4 April 1185 [8] His latest known signature as cardinal deacon of S. Giorgio is on 17 March 1188 at the Lateran. [9]
Lucius died on 25 November 1185, still residing in Verona, while an angry and uncooperative emperor resided at the imperial headquarters in Pavia. The election of his successor, in which Cardinal Radulfus took part, was held on the next day. It was brief and unanimous. [10] The successful candidate was Humbertus Crivelli, the Archbishop of Milan and Cardinal of S. Lorenzo in Damaso, "a violent and unyielding spirit, and a strong opponent of Frederick (Barbarossa)," in the words of Ferdinand Gregorovius. He took the name Urban III, and maintained all of the uncompromising policies of Lucius III. He and the papal court continued as virtual prisoners in Verona. [11] Cardinal Radulfus signed documents for Pope Urban from 9 December 1185 to 13 October 1187. [12]
Urban III and the cardinals, including Radulfus, managed to escape from Verona in the second half of September 1187, but Pope Urban III died at Ferrara on October 20, 1187, grieving over the disasters in the Holy Land. [13] In the election which followed, there were three candidates, Henri de Marsiac, Paolo Scolari, and Alberto di Morra. Alberto, the leader of the imperial faction, was elected as Gregory VIII on 21 October 1187. He immediately began plans to return to Rome, with the cooperation of the emperor and the officials of Rome, but he reigned for one month and twenty-eight days, managing to reach only as far as Pisa. [14] During that brief time, Radulfus subscribed several documents in Ferrara, Modena, Parma, and Pisa. [15]
Cardinal Radulfus participated in his third papal election in twenty-five months at Pisa. The cardinals unanimously elected Cardinal Paolo Scolari, bishop of Palestrina, on 19 December 1187, the Saturday after the Feast of S. Barbara. He accepted his election and took the name Clement III. By 11 February 1188 he, the cardinals, and the papal court had returned to Rome and were resident at the Lateran. [16]
On 17 March 1188, Cardinal Radulfus appears as a cardinal priest with the titulus of Santa Prassede. [17] He is mentioned in a letter of Pope Clement III to Archbishop Baldwin of Canterbury on 10 December 1188; the archbishop and the monks of Canterbury are to obey papal decisions in the matter of the appointment of the prior; the pope had given mandates in his instructions to the Cardinal of Santa Prassede, Apostolicae Sedis legato. [18] . Radulfus, however, never reached England, because he died at Mortara on 30 December 1188 [19] .
Radulfus' successor at S. Prassede, Cardinal Rufinus, subscribed a document for Pope Clement III. [20]
Bruno di Segni was an Italian Roman Catholic prelate and professed member from the Order of Saint Benedict who served as the Bishop of Segni and the Abbot of Montecassino. He studied under the Benedictines in Bologna before being appointed a canon of the cathedral chapter of Siena. He he was invited to Rome where he became a bishop and counselled four consecutive popes. He served as an abbot in Montecassino but his chastising Pope Paschal II on the Concordat of Ponte Mammolo in 1111 prompted the pope to relieve him of his duties as abbot and order Bruno to return to his diocese, where he died just over a decade later. Bruno's canonization was celebrated on 5 September 1181 under Pope Lucius III who presided over the celebration in the late bishop's diocese.
Henry of Marcy, or Henri de Marsiac, was a Cistercian abbot, first of Hautecombe in Savoy (1160–1177), and then of Clairvaux, from 1177 until 1179. He was created Cardinal Bishop of Albano by Pope Alexander III at the Third Lateran Council in 1179.
Albinus was an Italian Cardinal of the late twelfth century. A native of Milan, or perhaps of Gaeta, he became an Augustinian regular canon.
The 1185 papal election was a convoked after the death of Pope Lucius III. It resulted in the election of Cardinal Uberto Crivelli of Milan, who took the name of Urban III.
A papal election subsequent to the death of Pope Victor III in 1087 was held on 12 March 1088. Six cardinal-bishops, assisted by two lower-ranking cardinals, elected Cardinal-Bishop of Ostia Odon de Lagery as the new Pope. He assumed the name Urban II.
The October 1187 papal election was convoked after the death of Pope Urban III. He and the papal court had escaped from the imperial blockade of Verona only the month before, and had taken refuge in Ferrara. The election, held in Ferrara the day after the pope's death, resulted in the election of Cardinal Alberto Sartori di Morra, who took the name of Gregory VIII. He was a partisan of the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, whose election delighted him. Unfortunately, Gregory VIII reigned only two months.
The December 1187 papal election was convoked after the death of Pope Gregory VIII. It resulted in the election of Cardinal Paolo Scolari, who took the name of Clement III.
The 1198 papal election was convoked after the death of Pope Celestine III; it ended with the election of Cardinal Lotario dei Conti di Segni, who took the name Innocent III. In this election for the first time the new pope was elected per scrutinium.
Oderisio di Sangro was an Italian Benedictine monk and cardinal, the son of Count Rinaldo of the family of the conti di Sangro in the Marsi.
The 1191 papal election took place after the death of Pope Clement III. Pope Clement, according to differing and irreconcilable reports, died in March 1191, in the last third of the month, on the 20th, the 25th, the 26th, the 28th, or perhaps 2 April or 4 April, or 10 April. The election was conducted during the march of King Henry VI and his army toward Rome. The 85-year-old Cardinal Giacinto Bobone, a member of the Orsini family, was chosen after some extreme reluctance. He took the name Celestine III. Pressed by the Romans, however, he agreed to negotiate with King Henry about his coronation as emperor and about the possession of the city of Tusculum. Celestine postponed his own consecration in order to buy time to negotiate. He was finally crowned on Easter Sunday, 14 April 1191.
Pietro Diani was an Italian cardinal. The name "Diana" is incorrect; he signs himself Petrus Dianus.
Roscemanno, O.S.B.Cas. was a Roman Catholic Cardinal and Deacon of San Giorgio in Velabro.
Laborans de Pontormo was an Italian cardinal. His name in Italian is Laborante. He was a native of Pontormo, a suburb of the city of Florence on the left bank of the Arno River. He was a distinguished jurist and influential writer on canon law.
Rolandus was a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He was a native of Pisa, not Siena or Brittany. He was elected archbishop of Dol, but was not consecrated for five years, due to the opposition his metropolitan, the archbishop of Tours. Before he became a cardinal, he was sent by Pope Lucius III as his representative to Scotland to attempt to resolve a dispute over episcopal elections, involving the king.
Bobo was a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He was a native of Rome, and a member of the Bobone family, later called the Orsini.
Graziano da Pisa was a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He was a native of Pisa, and the nephew of Pope Eugenius III (1145-1153). He had studied law in Bologna, and held the rank of Magister. He was a prominent official in the papal chancery, and an accomplished papal diplomat.
Ardicio de Rivoltela was a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He was a native of Piadena (Platina), in the diocese of Cremona in Lombardy. The appellation "de Rivoltela" is mentioned only once, and its significance is unclear.
Melior, O.S.B. Vall. was a Benedictine monk, and a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He was a native of Pisa. He served as papal legate in France for more than three years, trying to arrange a peace between Richard I and Philip II. He became a major negotiator, on the mandate of Pope Celestine III, in the divorce case between King Philip II of France and Queen Ingeborg of Denmark.
Theodinus, O.S.B. was a Benedictine monk, and a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He was a native of Arrone, a hilltop town 15 km east of Terni. He became a cardinal priest, and then cardinal bishop of Porto. He served as a papal diplomat, in Normandy, in the Balkans, and in Venice. He participated in the papal elections of 1181 and 1185.
Pietro de Bono was a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He was a native of Verona in Lombardy, signing his name at least once as D. Petri de Verona. He was not from Pisa, nor was he from Bologna. He belonged to the Canons Regular of S. Maria di Reno in Bologna.