| Papal election 1185 | |
|---|---|
| Dates and location | |
| 25 November 1185 Verona | |
| Key officials | |
| Dean | Konrad von Wittelsbach |
| Camerlengo | Cardinal Melior |
| Protopriest | Alberto di Morra |
| Protodeacon | Giacinto Bobone Orsini |
| Elected pope | |
| Uberto Crivelli Name taken: Urban III | |
 | |
The 1185 papal election (held November 25) was a convoked after the death of Pope Lucius III. It resulted in the election of Cardinal Uberto Crivelli of Milan, who took the name of Urban III.
Pope Lucius III was elected on 1 September 1181, but had to be consecrated and enthroned at Velletri, due to the hostility of the Romans. [1] But, having refused to grant the consuetudines to the Romans which had been conceded by earlier popes, he was forced to retreat to Velletri. [2] In the meantime, refugees from Tusculum, which had been destroyed earlier in the century by the Roman commune, began to rebuild their fortifications. Annoyed by the challenge, the Roman commune reopened the war, devastated the territory of Tusculum in April 1184, and then turned their wrath against Latium. The pope then fled to the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, who was at Verona, by way of Ancona, Rimini, Faenza, and Modena. [3] Some of the cardinals followed Pope Lucius to Verona; others, however, whose followers had perpetrated the outrages at Tusculum and in the Roman campagna, remained in the city. [4]
Ten cardinals who were with the refugee pope participated in the consecration of the cathedral of Modena on 14 July 1184. They were: Theodinus of Porto, Tebaldus of Ostia; Joannes of S. Marco, Laborans of S. Maria Transtiberim, Pandulfus of Ss. Apostolorum, Ubertus of S. Lorenzo in Damaso; Ardicio of S. Teodoro, Graziano of Ss. Cosma e Damiano, Goffredfus of S. Maria in Via Lata, and Albinus of S. Maria Nuova. [5]
Discussions between the pope and the emperor quickly turned sour. There was the matter of lay appointment to bishops, and the issue of the inheritance of Mathilda of Tuscany, which had been willed to S. Peter, but which was in imperial hands and of which the emperor insisted he was the feudal overlord. [6] Frustrated and angry, the emperor withdrew to the palace in Pavia. He placed a military cordon around Verona, permitting no one to go to the papal court and allowing no one to leave Verona. Anyone caught was subject to imprisonment and torture. [7]
There were probably 26 cardinals in the Sacred College at the death of Lucius III on 25 November 1185. [8] On 11 November 1185, two weeks before the pope's death, eighteen cardinals subscribed a bull in favor of the monastery of S. Peter Lobiensis. This was the last day on which bulls were signed before the pope's death. [9]
| Elector | Place of birth | Cardinalatial title | Elevated | Elevator | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Konrad von Wittelsbach | Bavaria | Bishop of Sabina and Archbishop of Mainz | 18 December 1165 | Alexander III | prior episcoporum. External cardinal. |
| Theodinus [10] | Arrone | Bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina | 18 December 1165 | Alexander III | Abbot of Monte Cassino (October 1166–14 September 1167). |
| Henri de Marsiac, O.Cist. | Château de Marcy, France | Bishop of Albano | March 1179 | Alexander III | Seventh Abbot of Clairvaux in (1177-1179). Papal legate,. |
| Theobald of Ostia, O.S.B.Cluny [11] | France | Bishop of Ostia e Velletri | 1184 | Lucius III | Abbot of Cluny (1180–1183) |
| Alberto di Morra, C.R.Praem. | Benevento | Priest of S. Lorenzo in Lucina, and Chancellor of the Holy Roman Church | 21 December 1156 | Adrian IV | Protopriest; future Pope Gregory VIII (1187) |
| Joannes Anagninus (Giovanni dei Conti di Anagni) [12] | Anagni | Priest of S. Marco | 1158–1159 | Adrian IV | Subsequently bishop of Palestrina (1190-1196) |
| Laborans de Pontormo [13] | Pontormo, near Florence | Priest of S. Maria in Trastevere | 21 September 1173 | Alexander III | Studied law at the University of Paris, magister and jurisconsult |
| Uberto Crivelli | Milan | Priest of S. Lorenzo in Damaso | September 1173 | Lucius III | Canon and Archdeacon of the cathedral chapter of Bourges. Archbishop of Milan. Elected Pope Urban III |
| Pandolfo | Lucca | Priest of SS. XII Apostoli | 18 December 1182 | Lucius III | Canon of the cathedral chapter in Lucca, then sub-deacon. |
| Albino, C.R.S.F. | Gaeta (?) | Priest of S. Croce in Gerusalemme | 18 December 1182 | Lucius III | Magister and theologian. Future bishop of Albano (1189-1197) |
| Melior, O.S.B.Vall. | Pisa | Priest of SS. Giovanni e Paolo | 16 March 1185 | Lucius III | Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church |
| Adelardo Cattaneo | Verona | Priest of S. Marcello | 16 March 1185 | Lucius III | Future bishop of Verona (1188-1214) |
| Ardicio Rivoltella [14] | Piadena near Cremona | Deacon of S. Teodoro | 21 December 1156 | Adrian IV | |
| Graziano da Pisa [15] | Pisa | Deacon of SS. Cosma e Damiano | 4 March 1178 | Alexander III | Nephew of Pope Eugenius III |
| Soffredo | Pistoia | Deacon of S. Maria in Via Lata | 18 December 1182 | Lucius III | Canon of the cathedral chapter of Pistoia |
| Pietro Diani | Piacenza | Deacon of S. Nicola in Carcere | 16 March 1185 | Lucius III | Provost of S. Antonino, Piacenza. Apostolic subdeacon. Future papal legate. |
| Radulfus Nigellus [16] | Pisa (?) or France | Deacon of S. Giorgio in Velabro | 16 March 1185 | Lucius III | |
| Rolandus [17] | Pisa | Deacon of S. Maria in Portico | 16 March 1185 | Lucius III | Former bishop-elect of Dol (1177-1185) |
Ten electors were created by Pope Lucius III, five by Pope Alexander III, and three by Pope Adrian IV.
| Elector | Place of birth | Cardinalatial title | Elevated | Elevator | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Paolo Scolari [18] | Rome | Bishop of Palestrina | 21 September 1179 | Alexander III | Archpriest of the Liberian Basilica; future Pope Clement III (1187-1191) |
| Pietro de Bono, C.R.S.M.R. [19] | Verona | Priest of S. Susanna | 18 March 1166 | Alexander III | Canons Regular of Santa Maria of Reno, Bologna. Then papal legate. |
| Ruggiero di San Severino O.S.B. | San Severino | Priest of S. Eusebio and Archbishop of Benevento | Ca. 1178–80 | Alexander III | First monk at Monte Cassino then Archbishop of Benevento. External cardinal |
| Guillaume aux Blanches Mains | France | Priest of S. Sabina and Archbishop of Reims | March 1179 | Alexander III | Minister of State of the Kingdom of France; external cardinal |
| Giacinto Bobone Orsini | Rome | Deacon of S. Maria in Cosmedin | 22 December 1144 | Lucius II | Protodeacon; future Pope Celestine III (1191-1198) |
| Bobo [20] | Rome | Deacon of S. Angelo in Pescheria | 18 December 1182 | Lucius III | He was papal legate in France from mid-1184 to spring 1186. Future bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina (1189-1190) |
| Ottaviano di Poli | Rome | Deacon of SS. Sergio e Bacco | 18 December 1182 | Lucius III | Subsequently bishop of Ostia e Velletri (1189-1206) |
| Gerardo | Lucca | Deacon of S. Adriano | 18 December 1182 | Lucius III | Canon of the cathedral chapter of Lucca. Future Papal Vicar of Rome; Cardinal-nephew (?) of Lucius III |
Four absentees were appointed by Alexander III, three by Lucius III, one by Adrian IV, and one by Pope Lucius II.
Pope Lucius III died at Verona on 25 November 1185, at very advanced age. On that same day, eighteen cardinals started proceedings to elect his successor. Majority of them came from Northern Italy and formed a radically anti-imperial faction, while more moderate cardinals (mostly Romans) were absent. [21] In such circumstances, Northern Italian cardinals quickly secured the election of their candidate Uberto Crivelli of Milan. Crivelli was widely known to have a long-standing rancor against Barbarossa, who had singled out his family and followers when he had conquered Milan, some of whom he ordered to be executed, others to be mutilated. [22] In the words of Ferdinand Gregorovius, he was "... a violent and unyielding spirit, and a strong opponent of Frederick." [23] He was unanimously elected within a few hours after the death of Lucius III, and took the name Urban III . [21] He was crowned at Verona in S. Pietro in monte, on 1 December 1185. [24]
After his election to the papacy, he retained the administration of the metropolitan see of Milan. [25]
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)Victor IV was an antipope for a short time, from March to 29 May 1138.
Albinus was an Italian Cardinal of the late twelfth century. A native of Milan, or perhaps of Gaeta, he became an Augustinian regular canon.
The October 1187 papal election was convoked after the death of Pope Urban III. He and the papal court had escaped from the imperial blockade of Verona only the month before, and had taken refuge in Ferrara. The election, held in Ferrara the day after the pope's death, resulted in the election of Cardinal Alberto Sartori di Morra, who took the name of Gregory VIII. He was a partisan of the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, whose election delighted him. Gregory VIII reigned only two months.
The December 1187 papal election was convoked after the death of Pope Gregory VIII. It resulted in the election of Cardinal Paolo Scolari, who took the name of Clement III.
Pietro Senex was Cardinal-Bishop of Porto from 1102 until his death. He was born probably in Rome.
The 1181 papal election followed the death of Pope Alexander III and resulted in the election of Pope Lucius III. This was the first papal election celebrated in accordance with the decree Licet de evitanda discordia, promulgated in the Third Lateran Council in 1179, which established that the pope is elected by a majority of two thirds votes.
Pope Lucius III created fifteen new cardinals.
The 1191 papal election took place after the death of Pope Clement III. Pope Clement, according to differing and irreconcilable reports, died in March 1191, in the last third of the month, on the 20th, the 25th, the 26th, the 28th, or perhaps 2 April or 4 April, or 10 April. The election was conducted during the march of King Henry VI and his army toward Rome. The 85-year-old Cardinal Giacinto Bobone, a member of the Orsini family, was chosen after some extreme reluctance. He took the name Celestine III. Pressed by the Romans, however, he agreed to negotiate with King Henry about his coronation as emperor and about the possession of the city of Tusculum. Celestine postponed his own consecration in order to buy time to negotiate. He was finally crowned on Easter Sunday, 14 April 1191.
Pietro Diani was an Italian cardinal. The name "Diana" is incorrect; he signs himself Petrus Dianus.
Saxo de Anagnia was a Roman Catholic Cardinal, and Cardinal-priest of the titulus of S. Stefano al Monte Celio in Rome. He was a native of Anagni, and a member of the family of the Conti di Anagni. Dumas points out that there is no positive evidence of the family connection.
Laborans de Pontormo was an Italian cardinal. His name in Italian is Laborante. He was a native of Pontormo, a suburb of the city of Florence on the left bank of the Arno River. He was a distinguished jurist and influential writer on canon law.
Radulfus Nigellus was a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He was a native of Pisa, or perhaps of France.
Rolandus was a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He was a native of Pisa, not Siena or Brittany. He was elected archbishop of Dol, but was not consecrated for five years, due to the opposition his metropolitan, the archbishop of Tours. Before he became a cardinal, he was sent by Pope Lucius III as his representative to Scotland to attempt to resolve a dispute over episcopal elections, involving the king.
Bobo was a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He was a native of Rome, and a member of the Bobone family, later called the Orsini.
Graziano da Pisa was a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He was a native of Pisa, and the nephew of Pope Eugenius III (1145-1153). He had studied law in Bologna, and held the rank of Magister. He was a prominent official in the papal chancery, and an accomplished papal diplomat.
Ardicio de Rivoltela was a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He was a native of Piadena (Platina), in the diocese of Cremona in Lombardy. The appellation "de Rivoltela" is mentioned only once, and its significance is unclear.
Melior, O.S.B. Vall. was a Benedictine monk, and a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He was a native of Pisa. He served as papal legate in France for more than three years, trying to arrange a peace between Richard I and Philip II. He became a major negotiator, on the mandate of Pope Celestine III, in the divorce case between King Philip II of France and Queen Ingeborg of Denmark.
Theodinus, O.S.B. was a Benedictine monk, and a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He was a native of Arrone, a hilltop town 15 km east of Terni. He became a cardinal priest, and then cardinal bishop of Porto. He served as a papal diplomat, in Normandy, in the Balkans, and in Venice. He participated in the papal elections of 1181 and 1185.
Pietro de Bono was a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He was a native of Verona in Lombardy, signing his name at least once as D. Petri de Verona. He was not from Pisa, nor was he from Bologna. He belonged to the Canons Regular of S. Maria di Reno in Bologna.
Joannes Anagninus was a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He was a native of Anagni, and belonged to the family of the Counts of Anagni, the same family which produced Pope Innocent III. His colleagues called him, and he called himself "Joannes Anagninus". In 1191, he subscribed himself Joannes comes Anagninus, episcopus cardinalis Praenestinus. He was successively cardinal deacon of S. Maria in Portico, cardinal priest of S. Marco, and cardinal bishop of Palestrina.
