Remote Desktop Protocol

Last updated

Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) is a proprietary protocol developed by Microsoft Corporation which provides a user with a graphical interface to connect to another computer over a network connection. [1] The user employs RDP client software for this purpose, while the other computer must run RDP server software.

Contents

Clients exist for most versions of Microsoft Windows (including Windows Mobile but the support has ended), Linux (for example Remmina), Unix, macOS, iOS, Android, and other operating systems. RDP servers are built into the server and professional editions of Windows operating systems but not home editions; an RDP server for Unix and OS X also exists (for example xrdp). By default, the server listens on TCP port 3389 [2] and UDP port 3389. [3]

Microsoft currently refers to their official RDP client software as Remote Desktop Connection, formerly "Terminal Services Client".

The protocol is an extension of the ITU-T T.128 application sharing protocol. Microsoft makes some specifications public on their website. [4]

History

Every server and professional version of Microsoft Windows from Windows XP onward [5] includes an installed Remote Desktop Connection (RDC) ("Terminal Services") client (mstsc.exe) whose version is determined by that of the operating system or by the last applied Windows Service Pack. The Terminal Services server is supported as an official feature on Windows NT 4.0 Terminal Server Edition, released in 1998, Windows 2000 Server, all editions of Windows XP except Windows XP Home Edition, Windows Server 2003, Windows Home Server, on Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs, in Windows Vista Ultimate, Enterprise and Business editions, Windows Server 2008 and Windows Server 2008 R2 and on Windows 7 Professional and above. The home versions of Windows do not support RDP.

Microsoft provides the client required for connecting to newer RDP versions for downlevel operating systems. Since the server improvements are not available downlevel, the features introduced with each newer RDP version only work on downlevel operating systems when connecting to a higher version RDP server from these older operating systems, and not when using the RDP server in the older operating system.[ clarification needed ]

Version 4.0

Based on the ITU-T T.128 application sharing protocol (during draft also known as "T.share") from the T.120 recommendation series, the first version of RDP (named version 4.0) was introduced by Microsoft with "Terminal Services", as a part of their product Windows NT 4.0 Server, Terminal Server Edition. [1] The Terminal Services Edition of NT 4.0 relied on Citrix's MultiWin technology, previously provided as a part of Citrix WinFrame atop Windows NT 3.51, in order to support multiple users and login sessions simultaneously. Microsoft required Citrix to license their MultiWin technology to Microsoft in order to be allowed to continue offering their own terminal-services product, then named Citrix MetaFrame, atop Windows NT 4.0. The Citrix-provided DLLs included in Windows NT 4.0 Terminal Services Edition still carry a Citrix copyright rather than a Microsoft copyright. Later versions of Windows integrated the necessary support directly. The T.128 application sharing technology was acquired by Microsoft from UK software developer Data Connection Limited. [6]

Version 5.0

This version was introduced with Windows 2000 Server, added support for a number of features, including printing to local printers, and aimed to improve network bandwidth usage.

Version 5.1

This version was introduced with Windows XP Professional and included support for 24-bit color and sound. It is supported on Windows 2000, Windows 9x, and Windows NT 4.0. [7] With this version, the name of the client was changed from Terminal Services Client to Remote Desktop Connection; the heritage remains to this day, however, as the underlying executable is still named mstsc.exe.

Version 5.2

This version was introduced with Windows Server 2003, included support for console mode connections, a session directory, and local resource mapping. It also introduces Transport Layer Security (TLS) 1.0 for server authentication, and to encrypt terminal server communications. [8] This version is built into Windows XP Professional x64 Edition and Windows Server 2003 x64 & x86 Editions, and also available for Windows XP as a download.

Version 6.0

This version was introduced with Windows Vista and incorporated support for Windows Presentation Foundation applications, Network Level Authentication, multi-monitor spanning and large desktop support, and TLS 1.0 connections. [9] The RDP 6.0 client is available on Windows XP SP2, Windows Server 2003 SP1/SP2 (x86 and x64 editions) and Windows XP Professional x64 Edition through KB925876. Microsoft Remote Desktop Connection Client for Macintosh OS X is also available with support for Intel and PowerPC Mac OS versions 10.4.9 and greater.

Version 6.1

This version was released in February 2008 and is first included with Windows Server 2008 and Windows Vista with Service Pack 1 and later backported to Windows XP with Service Pack 3. The RDP 6.1 client is available on Windows XP SP2, Windows Server 2003 SP1/SP2 (x86 and x64 editions) and Windows XP Professional x64 Edition through KB952155. [10] In addition to changes related to how a remote administrator connects to the "console", [11] this version has new functionality introduced in Windows Server 2008, such as connecting remotely to individual programs and a new client-side printer redirection system that makes the client's print capabilities available to applications running on the server, without having to install print drivers on the server [12] [13] also on the other hand, remote administrator can freely install, add/remove any software or setting at the client's end. However, to start a remote administration session, one must be a member of the Administrators group on the server to which one is trying to get connected. [14]

Version 7.0

This version was released to manufacturing in July 2009 and is included with Windows Server 2008 R2, as well as with Windows 7. [15] With this release, also changed from Terminal Services to Remote Desktop Services. This version has new functions such as Windows Media Player redirection, bidirectional audio, multi-monitor support, Aero glass support, enhanced bitmap acceleration, Easy Print redirection, [16] Language Bar docking. The RDP 7.0 client is available on Windows XP SP3 and Windows Vista SP1/SP2 through KB969084, [17] and is not officially supported on Windows Server 2003 x86 and Windows Server 2003 / Windows XP Professional x64 editions. It is also not officially supported on Windows Server 2008.

Most RDP 7.0 features like Aero glass remote use, bidirectional audio, Windows Media Player redirection, multiple monitor support and Remote Desktop Easy Print are only available in Windows 7 Enterprise or Ultimate editions. [18] [19]

Version 7.1

Release 7.1 of RDP was included with Windows 7 Service Pack 1 and Windows Server 2008 R2 SP1 in 2010. It introduced RemoteFX, which provides virtualized GPU support and host-side encoding.

Version 8.0

This version was released in Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012. This version has new functions such as Adaptive Graphics (progressive rendering and related techniques), automatic selection of TCP or UDP as transport protocol, multi touch support, DirectX 11 support for vGPU, USB redirection supported independently of vGPU support, etc. [20] [21] A "connection quality" button is displayed in the RDP client connection bar for RDP 8.0 connections; clicking on it provides further information about connection, including whether UDP is in use or not. [22]

The RDP 8.0 client and server components are available on Windows 7 SP1 and Windows Server 2008 R2 SP1 through KB2592687. The RDP 8.0 client is also available for Windows Server 2008 R2 SP1, but the server components are not. The add-on requires the DTLS protocol to be installed as prerequisite. [22] After installing the updates, for the RDP 8.0 protocol to be enabled between Windows 7 machines, an extra configuration step is needed using the Group Policy editor. [23]

A new feature in RDP 8.0 is limited support for RDP session nesting; it only works for Windows 8 and Server 2012 though, Windows 7 and Server 2008 R2 (even with the RDP 8.0 update) do not support this feature. [24]

The "shadow" feature from RDP 7, which allowed an administrator to monitor (snoop) on a RDP connection has been removed in RDP 8. The Aero Glass remoting feature (applicable to Windows 7 machines connecting to each other) has also been removed in RDP 8. [21] [22]

Version 8.1

This version was released with Windows 8.1 and Windows Server 2012 R2. The RDP 8.1 client, like the RDP 8.0 client, is available on Windows 7 SP1 and Windows Server 2008 R2 SP1 through KB2923545 but unlike the RDP 8.0 update for Windows 7, it does not add a RDP 8.1 server component to Windows 7. Furthermore, if RDP 8.0 server function is desired on Windows 7, the KB 2592687 (RDP 8.0 client and server components) update must be installed before installing the RDP 8.1 update. [25] [26]

Support for session shadowing was added back in RDP version 8.1. This version also fixes some visual glitches with Microsoft Office 2013 when running as a RemoteApp. [25]

Version 8.1 of the RDP also enables a "restricted admin" mode. Logging into this mode only requires knowledge of the hashed password, rather than of its plaintext, therefore making a pass the hash attack possible. [27] Microsoft has released an 82-page document explaining how to mitigate this type of attack. [28]

Version 10.0

Version 10.0 of the RDP was introduced with Windows 10 and includes the following new features: AutoSize zoom (useful for HiDPI clients). In addition graphics compression improvements were included utilizing H.264/AVC. [29]

Features

Microsoft introduced the following features with the release of RDP 6.0 in 2006:

Release 7.1 of RDP in 2010 introduced the following feature:

Security issues

Version 5.2 of the RDP in its default configuration is vulnerable to a man-in-the-middle attack. Administrators can enable transport layer encryption to mitigate this risk. [31] [32]

RDP sessions are also susceptible to in-memory credential harvesting, which can be used to launch pass the hash attacks. [33]

In March 2012, Microsoft released an update for a critical security vulnerability in the RDP. The vulnerability allowed a Windows computer to be compromised by unauthenticated clients and computer worms. [34]

RDP client version 6.1 can be used to reveal the names and pictures of all users on the RDP Server (no matter which Windows version) in order to pick one, if no username is specified for the RDP connection.[ citation needed ]

In March 2018 Microsoft released a patch for CVE - 2018-0886, a remote code execution vulnerability in CredSSP, which is a Security Support Provider involved in the Microsoft Remote Desktop and Windows Remote Management, discovered by Preempt. [35] [36]

In May 2019 Microsoft issued a security patch for CVE - 2019-0708 ("BlueKeep"), a vulnerability which allows for the possibility of remote code execution and which Microsoft warned was "wormable", with the potential to cause widespread disruption. Unusually, patches were also made available for several versions of Windows that had reached their end-of-life, such as Windows XP. No immediate malicious exploitation followed, but experts were unanimous that this was likely, and could cause widespread harm based on the number of systems that appeared to have remained exposed and unpatched. [37] [38] [39]

In July 2019, Microsoft issued a security patch for CVE - 2019-0887, a RDP vulnerability that affects Hyper-V. [40]

Non-Microsoft implementations

There are numerous non-Microsoft implementations of RDP clients and servers that implement subsets of the Microsoft functionality. For instance, the open-source command-line client rdesktop is available for Linux/Unix and Microsoft Windows operating systems. There are many GUI clients, like tsclient and KRDC, that are built on top of rdesktop. [4]

In 2009, rdesktop was forked as FreeRDP, a new project aiming at modularizing the code, addressing various issues, and implementing new features. FreeRDP comes with its own command-line-client xfreerdp, which supports Seamless Windows in RDP6. [41] Around 2011, the project decided to abandon forking and instead rewrite under Apache License, adding more features like RemoteFX, RemoteApp, and NTLMv2. [42] A commercial distribution called Thincast was started in 2019. [43] A multi-platform client based on FreeRDP including Vulkan/H.264 support followed in summer 2020. There's a GTK-based client named Remmina also based on FreeRDP.

FreeRDP offers server implementations for macOS and Windows. On other systems including Linux, software packages may build upon FreeRDP to implement a complete server. Weston, the compositor in Wayland, uses FreeRDP to implement an rdp server it terms "rdp-backend". [44] This server is in turn used by Microsoft to provide graphics support (WSLg) in its Windows Subsystem for Linux. [45]

Open-source RDP servers on Unix include FreeRDP (see above), ogon project and xrdp. The Windows Remote Desktop Connection client can be used to connect to such a server.

Proprietary RDP client solutions such as rdpclient are available as a stand-alone application or embedded with client hardware. A new access paradigm, browser-based access, has enabled users to access Windows desktops and applications on any RDP hosts, such as Microsoft Remote Desktop (RDS) Session Hosts (Terminal Services) and virtual desktops, as well as remote physical PCs.

There is also a VirtualBox Remote Display Protocol (VRDP) used in the VirtualBox virtual machine implementation by Oracle. [46] This protocol is compatible with all RDP clients, such as that provided with Windows but, unlike the original RDP, can be configured to accept unencrypted and password unprotected connections, which may be useful in secure and trusted networks, such as home or office LANs. By default, Microsoft's RDP server refuses connections to user accounts with empty passwords (but this can be changed with the Group Policy Editor [47] ). External and guest authorization options are provided by VRDP as well. It does not matter which operating system is installed as a guest because VRDP is implemented on the virtual machine (host) level, not in the guest system. The proprietary VirtualBox Extension Pack is required.

Patents

Microsoft requires third-party implementations to license the relevant RDP patents. [48] As of February 2014, the extent to which open-source clients meet this requirement remains unknown.

Use in cybercrime

Security researchers have reported that cybercriminals are selling compromised RDP servers on underground forums as well as specialized illicit RDP shops. [49] [50] These compromised RDPs may be used as a "staging ground" for conducting other types of fraud or to access sensitive personal or corporate data. [51] Researchers further report instances of cybercriminals using RDPs to directly drop malware on computers. [52]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Windows Server 2003</span> Third version of Windows Server, released in 2003

Windows Server 2003, codenamed "Whistler Server", is the sixth version of the Windows Server operating system produced by Microsoft. It is part of the Windows NT family of operating systems and was released to manufacturing on March 28, 2003 and generally available on April 24, 2003. Windows Server 2003 is the successor to the Server editions of Windows 2000 and the predecessor to Windows Server 2008. An updated version, Windows Server 2003 R2, was released to manufacturing on December 6, 2005. Windows Server 2003 is based on Windows XP.

Virtual PC is an x86 emulator for PowerPC Mac hosts and a virtualization app for Microsoft Windows hosts. It was created by Connectix in 1997 and acquired by Microsoft in 2003. The Mac version was discontinued in 2006 following the Mac transition to Intel, while the Windows version was discontinued in 2011 in favour of Hyper-V.

Remote administration refers to any method of controlling a computer or other Internet-connected device, such as a smartphone, from a remote location. There are many commercially available and free-to-use software that make remote administration easy to set up and use. Remote administration is often used when it's difficult or impractical to be physically near a system in order to use it or troubleshoot it. Many server administrators also use remote administration to control the servers around the world at remote locations. It is also used by companies and corporations to improve overall productivity as well as promote remote work. It may also refer to both legal and illegal remote administration.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs</span> Thin client operating system from Microsoft

Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs ("WinFLP") is a thin client release of the Windows NT operating system developed by Microsoft and optimized for older, less powerful hardware. It was released on July 8, 2006, nearly two years after its Windows XP SP2 counterpart was released in August 2004, and is not marketed as a full-fledged general purpose operating system, although it is functionally able to perform most of the tasks generally associated with one. It includes only certain functionality for local workloads such as security, management, document viewing related tasks and the .NET Framework. It is designed to work as a client–server solution with RDP clients or other third party clients such as Citrix ICA. Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs reached end of support on April 8, 2014 along with most other Windows XP editions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Microsoft Data Access Components</span> Framework

Microsoft Data Access Components is a framework of interrelated Microsoft technologies that allows programmers a uniform and comprehensive way of developing applications that can access almost any data store. Its components include: ActiveX Data Objects (ADO), OLE DB, and Open Database Connectivity (ODBC). There have been several deprecated components as well, such as the Jet Database Engine, MSDASQL, and Remote Data Services (RDS). Some components have also become obsolete, such as the former Data Access Objects API and Remote Data Objects.

rdesktop

rdesktop is an implementation of a client software for Microsoft's proprietary Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP). Rdesktop is free and open-source software, subject to the requirements of the GNU General Public License (GPL-3.0-or-later), and is available for Linux and BSD as well as for Microsoft Windows.

As the next version of Windows NT after Windows 2000, as well as the successor to Windows Me, Windows XP introduced many new features but it also removed some others.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Quick Assist</span> Microsoft Windows remote access feature

Quick Assist is a Microsoft Windows feature that allows a user to view or control a remote Windows computer over a network or the Internet to resolve issues without directly touching the unit. It is based on the Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP). It is complemented by Get Help, a feature introduced in Windows 10 that enables the user to contact Microsoft directly but does not allow for remote desktoping or screen sharing.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hyper-V</span> Native hypervisor by Microsoft

Microsoft Hyper-V, codenamed Viridian, and briefly known before its release as Windows Server Virtualization, is a native hypervisor; it can create virtual machines on x86-64 systems running Windows. Starting with Windows 8, Hyper-V superseded Windows Virtual PC as the hardware virtualization component of the client editions of Windows NT. A server computer running Hyper-V can be configured to expose individual virtual machines to one or more networks. Hyper-V was first released with Windows Server 2008, and has been available without additional charge since Windows Server 2012 and Windows 8. A standalone Windows Hyper-V Server is free, but has a command-line interface only. The last version of free Hyper-V Server is Hyper-V Server 2019, which is based on Windows Server 2019.

Adaptive Internet Protocol (AIP) is a multi-channel protocol that allows an application running on any of multiple platforms to be displayed on any of a wide range of client systems. It supports rich remote display and input services with a number of display options to deliver the presentation of the remote applications onto the local display either as a standalone window, or within a contained remote environment delivered full-screen or in a standalone window. The protocol also supports audio, printing, and other device mapping services.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Windows Server 2008 R2</span> Fifth version of Windows Server, released in 2009

Windows Server 2008 R2, codenamed "Windows Server 7", is the eighth version of the Windows Server operating system produced by Microsoft and released as part of the Windows NT family of operating systems. It was released to manufacturing on July 22, 2009, and became generally available on October 22, 2009, shortly after the completion of Windows 7. It is the successor to Windows Server 2008, which is derived from the Windows Vista codebase, released the previous year, and was succeeded by the Windows 8-based Windows Server 2012.

Remote Desktop Services (RDS), known as Terminal Services in Windows Server 2008 and earlier, is one of the components of Microsoft Windows that allow a user to initiate and control an interactive session on a remote computer or virtual machine over a network connection. RDS was first released in 1998 as Terminal Server in Windows NT 4.0 Terminal Server Edition, a stand-alone edition of Windows NT 4.0 Server that allowed users to log in remotely. Starting with Windows 2000, it was integrated under the name of Terminal Services as an optional component in the server editions of the Windows NT family of operating systems, receiving updates and improvements with each version of Windows. Terminal Services were then renamed to Remote Desktop Services with Windows Server 2008 R2 in 2009.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Windows Search</span> Desktop search platform by Microsoft

Windows Search is a content index desktop search platform by Microsoft introduced in Windows Vista as a replacement for both the previous Indexing Service of Windows 2000 and the optional MSN Desktop Search for Windows XP and Windows Server 2003, designed to facilitate local and remote queries for files and non-file items in compatible applications including Windows Explorer. It was developed after the postponement of WinFS and introduced to Windows constituents originally touted as benefits of that platform.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pano Logic</span> American information technology company

Pano Logic was a manufacturer of devices which present virtual desktops to the end user with no local processing power. They describe this concept as "zero client". This is perceived as offering benefits in end-user support and in power provision to desks. OEM versions have been included in displays from some vendors, allowing a single unit to be deployed. The company failed in October 2012. In March 2013, Propalms announced they had acquired the rights to support Panologic customers, and will "help transition the customer base to a new platform".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Windows MultiPoint Server</span> Operating system based Microsoft Windows Server using Remote Desktop Services technology

Windows MultiPoint Server is an operating system based on Microsoft Windows Server using Remote Desktop Services technology to host multiple simultaneous independent computing stations or terminals connected to a single computer. Windows MultiPoint Server 2012 was the final release as an independent SKU and has been superseded by the MultiPoint Services role in Windows Server 2016.

Microsoft RemoteFX is a Microsoft brand name that covers a set of technologies that enhance visual experience of the Microsoft-developed remote display protocol Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP). RemoteFX was first introduced in Windows Server 2008 R2 SP1 and is based on intellectual property that Microsoft acquired and continued to develop since acquiring Calista Technologies. It is a part of the overall Remote Desktop Services workload.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">.NET Framework version history</span>

Microsoft started development on the .NET Framework in the late 1990s originally under the name of Next Generation Windows Services (NGWS). By late 2001 the first beta versions of .NET Framework 1.0 were released. The first version of .NET Framework was released on 13 February 2002, bringing managed code to Windows NT 4.0, 98, 2000, ME and XP.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Windows Server 2012</span> Sixth version of Windows Server, released in 2012

Windows Server 2012, codenamed "Windows Server 8", is the ninth version of the Windows Server operating system by Microsoft, as part of the Windows NT family of operating systems. It is the server version of Windows based on Windows 8 and succeeds Windows Server 2008 R2, which is derived from the Windows 7 codebase, released nearly three years earlier. Two pre-release versions, a developer preview and a beta version, were released during development. The software was officially launched on September 4, 2012, which was the month before the release of Windows 8. It was succeeded by Windows Server 2012 R2 in 2013. Mainstream support for Windows Server 2012 ended on October 9, 2018, and extended support ended on October 10, 2023. Windows Server 2012 is eligible for the paid Extended Security Updates (ESU) program, which offers continued security updates until October 13, 2026.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Xrdp</span>

xrdp is a free and open-source implementation of Microsoft RDP server that enables operating systems other than Microsoft Windows to provide a fully functional RDP-compatible remote desktop experience. It works by bridging graphics from the X Window System to the client and relaying controls from the client back to X Window Server.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">BlueKeep</span> Windows security hole

BlueKeep is a security vulnerability that was discovered in Microsoft's Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) implementation, which allows for the possibility of remote code execution.

References

  1. 1 2 Deland-Han. "Understanding Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) – Windows Server". docs.microsoft.com. Archived from the original on October 17, 2020. Retrieved October 12, 2020.
  2. ↑ "How to change the listening port for Remote Desktop". Microsoft. January 31, 2007. Archived from the original on November 4, 2007. Retrieved November 2, 2007. Microsoft KB article 306759, revision 2.2.
  3. ↑ "Service Name and Transport Protocol Port Number Registry". Internet Assigned Numbers Authority. January 9, 2015. Retrieved January 13, 2015.
  4. 1 2 "rdesktop: A Remote Desktop Protocol Client". www.rdesktop.org. Archived from the original on December 1, 2008. Retrieved November 29, 2008.
  5. ↑ Microsoft. "Connecting to another computer Remote Desktop Connection". Archived from the original on January 16, 2013. Retrieved December 22, 2012.
  6. ↑ Implementing Collaboration Technologies in Industry, Bjørn Erik Munkvold, 2003; Chapter 7
  7. ↑ "Windows XP Remote Desktop Connection software [XPSP2 5.1.2600.2180]". Microsoft.com. August 27, 2012. Archived from the original on September 8, 2010. Retrieved March 11, 2014.
  8. 1 2 "Configuring authentication and encryption". January 21, 2005. Archived from the original on March 18, 2009. Retrieved March 30, 2009. Microsoft Technet article
  9. ↑ "Remote Desktop Connection (Terminal Services Client 6.0)". June 8, 2007. Archived from the original on July 17, 2007. Retrieved June 20, 2007. Microsoft KB article 925876, revision 7.0.
  10. ↑ "Description of the Remote Desktop Connection 6.1 client update for Terminal Services in Windows XP Service Pack 2". microsoft. Archived from the original on August 29, 2008. Retrieved March 11, 2014.
  11. ↑ "Changes to Remote Administration in Windows Server 2008". Terminal Services Team Blog. Microsoft. December 17, 2007. Archived from the original on March 5, 2009. Retrieved February 10, 2008.
  12. ↑ "Terminal Services Printing". TechNet – Windows Server 2008 Technical Library. Agozik-Microsoft. January 10, 2008. Archived from the original on January 21, 2014. Retrieved February 10, 2008.
  13. ↑ "Introducing Terminal Services Easy Print: Part 1 – Remote Desktop Services (Terminal Services) Team Blog – Site Home – MSDN Blogs". Blogs.msdn.com. Archived from the original on February 13, 2014. Retrieved February 13, 2014.
  14. ↑ "Securing Remote Desktop (RDP) for System Administrators | Information Security Office". security.berkeley.edu. Archived from the original on October 12, 2020. Retrieved October 12, 2020.
  15. ↑ "Remote Desktop Connection 7 for Windows 7, Windows XP & Windows Vista". Terminal Services Team Blog. Microsoft. August 21, 2009. Archived from the original on August 27, 2009. Retrieved August 21, 2009.
  16. ↑ "Using Remote Desktop Easy Print in Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2". Blogs.msdn.com. Archived from the original on May 8, 2010. Retrieved March 11, 2014.
  17. ↑ "Announcing the availability of Remote Desktop Connection 7.0 for Windows XP SP3, Windows Vista SP1, and Windows Vista SP2". Blogs.msdn.com. Archived from the original on March 8, 2010. Retrieved March 11, 2014.
  18. ↑ "Aero Glass Remoting in Windows Server 2008 R2". Blogs.msdn.com. Archived from the original on June 27, 2009. Retrieved March 11, 2014.
  19. ↑ "Remote Desktop Connection 7 for Windows 7, Windows XP & Windows Vista". Blogs.msdn.com. Archived from the original on August 27, 2009. Retrieved March 11, 2014.
  20. ↑ "Windows Server 2012 Remote Desktop Services (RDS) – Windows Server Blog – Site Home – TechNet Blogs". Blogs.technet.com. May 8, 2012. Archived from the original on October 5, 2013. Retrieved February 13, 2014.
  21. 1 2 "How Microsoft RDP 8.0 addresses WAN, graphics shortcomings". Searchvirtualdesktop.techtarget.com. Archived from the original on February 9, 2014. Retrieved February 13, 2014.
  22. 1 2 3 "Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) 8.0 update for Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2". Support.microsoft.com. Archived from the original on October 25, 2012. Retrieved February 13, 2014.
  23. ↑ "Get the best RDP 8.0 experience when connecting to Windows 7: What you need to know – Remote Desktop Services (Terminal Services) Team Blog – Site Home – MSDN Blogs". Blogs.msdn.com. Archived from the original on February 12, 2014. Retrieved February 13, 2014.
  24. ↑ "Running a Remote Desktop Connection session within another Remote Desktop Connection session is supported with Remote Desktop Protocol 8.0 for specific scenarios". Support.microsoft.com. November 2, 2012. Archived from the original on January 17, 2014. Retrieved February 13, 2014.
  25. 1 2 "Update for RemoteApp and Desktop Connections feature is available for Windows". Support.microsoft.com. February 11, 2014. Archived from the original on February 9, 2014. Retrieved March 11, 2014.
  26. ↑ "Remote Desktop Protocol 8.1 Update for Windows 7 SP1 released to web – Remote Desktop Services (Terminal Services) Team Blog – Site Home – MSDN Blogs". Blogs.msdn.com. Archived from the original on February 22, 2014. Retrieved February 13, 2014.
  27. ↑ "New "Restricted Admin" feature of RDP 8.1 allows pass-the-hash". Labs.portcullis.co.uk. October 20, 2013. Archived from the original on February 10, 2014. Retrieved March 11, 2014.
  28. ↑ "Mitigating Pass-the-Hash (PtH) Attacks and Other Credential Theft Techniques". Microsoft.com. Archived from the original on April 21, 2014. Retrieved March 11, 2014.
  29. ↑ "Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) 10 AVC/H.264 improvements in Windows 10 and Windows Server 2016 Technical Preview". Microsoft.com. Archived from the original on August 17, 2016. Retrieved January 12, 2016.
  30. ↑ "[MS-RDPERP]: Remote Desktop Protocol: Remote Programs Virtual Channel Extension". Msdn.microsoft.com. Archived from the original on April 14, 2012. Retrieved February 13, 2014.
  31. ↑ "National Vulnerability Database (NVD) National Vulnerability Database (CVE-2005-1794)". Web.nvd.nist.gov. July 19, 2011. Archived from the original on September 14, 2011. Retrieved February 13, 2014.
  32. ↑ "Configuring Terminal Servers for Server Authentication to Prevent "Man in the Middle" Attacks". Microsoft. July 12, 2008. Archived from the original on November 6, 2011. Retrieved November 9, 2011.
  33. ↑ "Mimikatz and Windows RDP: An Attack Case Study". SentinelOne. June 6, 2019. Archived from the original on October 16, 2020. Retrieved October 12, 2020.
  34. ↑ "Microsoft Security Bulletin MS12-020 – Critical". Microsoft. March 13, 2012. Archived from the original on February 13, 2014. Retrieved March 16, 2012.
  35. ↑ "CVE-2018-0886 – CredSSP Remote Code Execution Vulnerability". microsoft.com. Archived from the original on March 23, 2018. Retrieved March 23, 2018.
  36. ↑ Karni, Eyal. "From Public Key to Exploitation: How We Exploited the Authentication in MS-RDP". Archived from the original on March 23, 2018. Retrieved March 23, 2018.
  37. ↑ Cimpanu, Catalin. "Even the NSA is urging Windows users to patch BlueKeep (CVE-2019-0708)". ZDNet. Archived from the original on September 6, 2019. Retrieved June 20, 2019.
  38. ↑ Goodin, Dan (May 31, 2019). "Microsoft practically begs Windows users to fix wormable BlueKeep flaw". Ars Technica . Archived from the original on July 22, 2019. Retrieved May 31, 2019.
  39. ↑ Warren, Tom (May 14, 2019). "Microsoft warns of major WannaCry-like Windows security exploit, releases XP patches". The Verge. Archived from the original on September 2, 2019. Retrieved June 20, 2019.
  40. ↑ Ilascu, Ionut (7 August 2019). "Microsoft Ignored RDP Vulnerability Until it Affected Hyper-V". Bleeping Computer . Archived from the original on 8 August 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
  41. ↑ "FreeRDP-old README". GitHub. 2010. Archived from the original on November 22, 2020. Retrieved February 27, 2020. FreeRDP is a successor to rdesktop, a longtime-favored application for use on *nix systems to access Windows servers and workstations. The goal of FreeRDP is twofold: ...
  42. ↑ "FreeRDP/FreeRDP". GitHub. FreeRDP. February 27, 2020. Archived from the original on February 27, 2020. Retrieved February 27, 2020.
  43. ↑ "Hi! – The Thincast Workstation". www.freerdp.com. Archived from the original on February 27, 2020. Retrieved February 27, 2020.
  44. ↑ weston-rdp(7)  –  Linux Miscellanea Manual
  45. ↑ "WSLg Architecture". Windows Command Line. April 20, 2021. Retrieved May 7, 2022.
  46. ↑ "VirtualBox Manual: 7.1. Remote Display (VRDP Support)". VirtualBox. Archived from the original on November 21, 2019. Retrieved February 27, 2020.
  47. ↑ Bens, Jelle (January 31, 2010). "Jelle Bens: Windows 7 RDP with blank password". Jellebens.blogspot.ru. Archived from the original on May 8, 2013. Retrieved March 11, 2014.
  48. ↑ "Remote Desktop Protocol Licensing Available for RDP 8". Blogs.msdn.com. December 11, 2014. Archived from the original on February 8, 2018. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
  49. ↑ GReAT (June 15, 2016). "xDedic – the shady world of hacked servers for sale". SecureList. Archived from the original on December 15, 2018. Retrieved December 15, 2018.
  50. ↑ Kremez, Vitali; Rowley, Liv (October 24, 2017). ""Ultimate Anonymity Services" Shop Offers Cybercriminals International RDP Servers". Archived from the original on December 15, 2018. Retrieved December 15, 2018.
  51. ↑ Bisson, David (July 19, 2018). "Dark Web 'RDP Shops' Offer Access to Vulnerable Systems for as Little as $3". Security Intelligence. Archived from the original on December 15, 2018. Retrieved December 15, 2018.
  52. ↑ Ragan, Steve (July 19, 2018). "Samsam infected thousands of LabCorp systems via brute force RDP". CSO Online. Archived from the original on December 15, 2018. Retrieved December 15, 2018.

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.