The Ribe skull fragment (DR EM85;151B in Rundata, also known as DK SJy39) is a section of human skull bone inscribed with runes and unearthed in 1973 in an archaeological excavation at Ribe, Denmark. It dates to circa 725 CE. [1]
The Ribe skull fragment (DR EM85;151B in Rundata, also known as DK SJy39) is a section of human skull bone inscribed with runes and unearthed in 1973 in an archaeological excavation at Ribe, Denmark. It dates to circa 725 CE. [1]
The skull fragment is approximately 6 x 8.5 cm in size and has been taken from the top of a cranium. [2] It has a hole bored in it and it is inscribed with transitional Younger Futhark runes. The runic inscription retains two character shapes from the Elder Futhark, ᚺ (H) and ᛗ (M). The object was last studied through a digital microscope in 2021 and was found to contain the following runes: [3]
ᚢᛚᚠᚢᛦᛡᚢᚴᚢᚦᛁᚾᛡᚢᚴᚺᚢᛏᛁᚢᛦ
ulfuʀᴀukuþinᴀukʜutiuʀ
¶
¶
ᚺᛁᛡᛚᛒᛒᚢᚱᛁᚾᛋᚢᛁᚦᛦ
ʜiᴀlbburinsuiþʀ
¶
¶
ᚦᛡᛁᛗᛏᚢᛁᛡᚱᚴᛁᛡᚢᚴᛏᚢᛁᚱᚴᚢᚾᛁᚢ
þᴀiᴍtuiᴀrkiᴀuktuirkuniu
¶
¶
ᛒᚢᚢᚱ
buur
A possible interpretation of the inscription is:
Where "Ulfʀ" refers to some unknown deity, "Ōðinn" to the god Odin, and "High-Tīwʀ" to the god Týr. The word "hiālp" and the hole at the top make the object similar to other protective amulets such as that of Kvinneby (Öl SAS1989;43). The next sequence of runes ᛒᚢᚱᛁᚾᛋ could either mean burin [e]s 'is borne', which would tie up with the hole, burins 'the newborns', which would indicate that the object is a protective amulet for a newborn, or Burins 'Burins', the name of the person who was protected by the amulet. The phrase viðʀ þæim dværgi auk dværgyniu Bōur names two beings that the amulet protects the bearer from, a dwarf, which possibly has the name as the bearer (i.e. Burinn), and a dwarfess Bōur.
The object has a striking similarity to the Near Fakenham plaque, which is also a protective runic amulet against a dwarf, and more generally to the Anglo-Saxon charms Against a Dwarf, one of which even contains a male and a female dwarf (Wið Dweorh XCIIIb). Together with these inscriptions, the Ribe Skull fragment seems to have been part of a common North Sea belief that dwarfs could cause illnesses and that protective amulets could be worn to fend these off.
It has been pointed that there is a general lack of wear in the hole of the type that would be expected if it had been used as a protective amulet. [4] On the other hand, the fragment was found among remains from a market place, so it might never have been sold and used. [3]
Rune 31 has previously been read as a possible i and the sequence HiAlbburiis as Hiālp buri is 'help is through the drill' or Hiālp Būri is 'Būri is help'. [1] However, Nordström (2021) who studied the object in a digital microscope found that the rune must be read as an n. Moreover, rune 41 was previously read as an A and the sequence uiþʀ ¶ þAiMAuiArki as viðʀ þæima værki 'against this pain'. Here, Nordström found that the twigs crossed the main stave too high up to be read as an A. Lastly, rune 59 was read as an n by Stocklund (1996) and the sequence Auktuirkunin as auk dværg[ʀ] unninn 'and the dwarf overcome'. However, most scholars have read it as a u and Nordström (2021) found that the twig again crossed the main stave too high up to be read as an n. Furthermore, the interpretation auk dværg unninn is linguistically highly unlikely, since the nominative subject dværg[ʀ] lacks the palatal ʀ, which was obligatory by 700 and present on the other nominative masculine nouns (Ulfʀ and Tīwʀ). Furthermore, the interpretation offered by Nordström viðʀ þæim dværgi auk dværgyniu is also more plausible since it represents an alliterating masculine-feminine pair like æsir ok ásynjur. The word dværgynia, firstly proposed by Grønvik (1999), is also attested in a later West-Norse form dyrgja. [5]
A dwarf is a type of supernatural being in Germanic folklore. Accounts of dwarfs vary significantly throughout history; however, they are commonly, but not exclusively, presented as living in mountains or stones and being skilled craftspeople. In early literary sources, only males are explicitly referred to as dwarfs. However, they are described as having sisters and daughters, while male and female dwarfs feature in later saga literature and folklore. Dwarfs are sometimes described as short; however, scholars have noted that this is neither explicit nor relevant to their roles in the earliest sources.
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A rune is a letter in a set of related alphabets known as runic alphabets native to the Germanic peoples. Runes were used to write Germanic languages before they adopted the Latin alphabet, and for specialised purposes thereafter. In addition to representing a sound value, runes can be used to represent the concepts after which they are named (ideographs). Scholars refer to instances of the latter as Begriffsrunen. The Scandinavian variants are also known as fuþark, or futhark, these names derived from the first six letters of the script, ⟨ᚠ⟩, ⟨ᚢ⟩, ⟨ᚦ⟩, ⟨ᚨ⟩/⟨ᚬ⟩, ⟨ᚱ⟩, and ⟨ᚲ⟩/⟨ᚴ⟩, corresponding to the Latin letters ⟨f⟩, ⟨u⟩, ⟨þ⟩/⟨th⟩, ⟨a⟩, ⟨r⟩, and ⟨k⟩. The Anglo-Saxon variant is futhorc, or fuþorc, due to changes in Old English of the sounds represented by the fourth letter, ⟨ᚨ⟩/⟨ᚩ⟩.
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