Robert Blohm (born May 27, 1948, in Trenton, New Jersey) is an American and Canadian investment banker, economist, statistician, regulator, and public intellectual.
Canada-Japan Finance. Upon graduating from McGill University, he did marketing, lending, and investment banking at half of Canada's 6 big banks, and helped convert Citibank's Canadian subsidiary into a stand-alone bank to fund itself on the money and capital markets. At half of Japan's big-4 investment banks he helped expand the Japanese capital market in the 1980s to Canadian governments, corporations, utilities and banks and to the African Development Bank.
Disproof of the Economic Feasibility of Quebec Independence. In the early 1990s he argued widely in the US and Canadian press against the economic feasibility of Quebec's separation from Canada, particularly in a series of opinion articles in The Wall Street Journal where he identified as a handicap Quebec's state-directed economy centered on state-controlled electric power production.
Herald of the Internet Economy. He later coined the term "the internet economy" in a Wall Street Journal opinion article by that title in 1996 co-authored by Takuma Amano, the Japanese CEO of Micrognosis, the monopoly IT provider of market information to all bank trading rooms. The article made the first ever estimate of internet's contribution to GDP equal to all the previous year's GDP growth. Vice President Al Gore alluded to the term in his 1996 election acceptance speech. The authors extended that estimate to employment for The Global Internet Project consortium of the world's main IT providers and computer and router manufacturers, at a conference hosted by the UK House of Lords.
Electric Power Marketization and Reliability. In the later 1990s Blohm published articles in the general and trade press supporting restructuring the wholesale electric power industry into competitive markets for energy, transmission and reliability. He opposed imposition of a legally mandated single centralized spot market known as Standard Market Design that was ultimately rejected by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. Blohm has since been repeatedly elected to the regulatory Standards Committee and former Operating Committee of the North American Electric Reliability Corp. to set risk-based standards for reliably operating and planning the electric system in a competitive market. Blohm advised all of Japan's electric and gas companies and the Japan's Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry on reliable US-style deregulation of the electric power industry into competitive markets.
Deconstruction of Japan Inc. With his investment banking associate, Takuma Amano, he co-authored a top-of-page opinion article in 1997 in "The Wall Street Journal" that de-constructed Japan Inc. in next day response to the last attempt by a Japanese Prime Minister to talk-down the US dollar. The article was reprinted a week later in the first issue of "The Asian Wall Street Journal" published after the Handover of Hong Kong as a warning to the Chinese government not to repeat Japan's mistake of a managed economy. The 1997 Asian financial crisis began that day.
Contribution to China's Economic Reform and Marketization of China's Energy Industry. As an economics graduate student at Columbia University under Nobelist Robert Mundell, father of supply-side economics and of the Euro, Blohm introduced him to China which adopted many of Mundell's policies for a time. Following "New York Times" coverage of Blohm's diagnosis of the US/Canada Great Northeast Blackout of 2003, Blohm advised China's electric grids, government, and oil and gas industry on proper marketization of the energy industry, taught the subject at North China Electric Power University, and promoted it in Chinese media while living in Beijing for the decade ending in 2015.
Criticism of Chinese Government Policy. While in China, Blohm proposed improvements to Chinese economic policy in Chinese media and in "The Wall Street Journal" where he has continued to more broadly criticize China's governance since the current regime's definitive reversal of the country's policy direction begun in reaction to the 2007–2008 financial crisis. An article by Blohm prompted the government to abandon evaluating officials' performance on the basis of economic growth alone. Blohm has criticized China for triggering the 2007–2008 financial crisis by subsidizing resource inputs to Chinese industrial production and therefore driving the commodities boom that drove global prices and the inflation fear that prompted the interest rate increases that triggered the subprime mortgage crisis that led to the 2007–2008 financial crisis. In an August 24, 2011, interview on Fox Business Network [1] he warned that China could become like Nazi Germany and that its population would begin declining in 17 years, three years later than it actually began to. For its final 15 years, Blohm was a frequent contributor to the Washington, DC, based Nelson Report daily newsletter on East Asia policy managed by his college roommate, Chris Nelson.
Last Promotion of Modern Scientific Philosophy in China. In 2011, just before the close of China's reform era and the ascension of China's current regime, Blohm arranged a lecture tour [2] of Peking University and Tsinghua University, the Central Party School's philosophy department, and the Chinese Academy of Sciences by his McGill professor, world-renowned philosopher-physicist Mario Bunge, [3] who urged China to advance beyond Karl Marx and to reject "dialectics" as Hegelian nonsense. At the Central University of Finance and Economics Blohm had already taught the first ever course in China in the History of Western Philosophy and Science, [4] funded by the World Bank.
The economy of Canada is a highly developed mixed economy, with the world's tenth-largest economy as of 2023, and a nominal GDP of approximately US$2.117 trillion. Canada is one of the world's largest trading nations, with a highly globalized economy. In 2021, Canadian trade in goods and services reached $2.016 trillion. Canada's exports totalled over $637 billion, while its imported goods were worth over $631 billion, of which approximately $391 billion originated from the United States. In 2018, Canada had a trade deficit in goods of $22 billion and a trade deficit in services of $25 billion. The Toronto Stock Exchange is the tenth-largest stock exchange in the world by market capitalization, listing over 1,500 companies with a combined market capitalization of over US$3 trillion.
Robert Alexander Mundell was a Canadian economist. He was a professor of economics at Columbia University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong.
An energy crisis or energy shortage is any significant bottleneck in the supply of energy resources to an economy. In literature, it often refers to one of the energy sources used at a certain time and place, in particular, those that supply national electricity grids or those used as fuel in industrial development. Population growth has led to a surge in the global demand for energy in recent years. In the 2000s, this new demand – together with Middle East tension, the falling value of the US dollar, dwindling oil reserves, concerns over peak oil, and oil price speculation – triggered the 2000s energy crisis, which saw the price of oil reach an all-time high of $147.30 per barrel ($926/m3) in 2008.
Dirigisme or dirigism is an economic doctrine in which the state plays a strong directive (policies) role, contrary to a merely regulatory interventionist role, over a market economy. As an economic doctrine, dirigisme is the opposite of laissez-faire, stressing a positive role for state intervention in curbing productive inefficiencies and market failures. Dirigiste policies often include indicative planning, state-directed investment, and the use of market instruments to incentivize market entities to fulfill state economic objectives.
A green economy is an economy that aims at reducing environmental risks and ecological scarcities, and that aims for sustainable development without degrading the environment. It is closely related with ecological economics, but has a more politically applied focus. The 2011 UNEP Green Economy Report argues "that to be green, an economy must not only be efficient, but also fair. Fairness implies recognizing global and country level equity dimensions, particularly in assuring a Just Transition to an economy that is low-carbon, resource efficient, and socially inclusive."
China Development Bank (CDB) is a policy bank of China under the State Council. Established in 1994, it has been described as the engine that powers the national government's economic development policies. It has raised funds for numerous large-scale infrastructure projects, including the Three Gorges Dam and the Shanghai Pudong International Airport.
Zhou Xiaochuan is a Chinese economist. Zhou served as the governor of the People's Bank of China from 2002 to 2018.
Articles in economics journals are usually classified according to JEL classification codes, which derive from the Journal of Economic Literature. The JEL is published quarterly by the American Economic Association (AEA) and contains survey articles and information on recently published books and dissertations. The AEA maintains EconLit, a searchable data base of citations for articles, books, reviews, dissertations, and working papers classified by JEL codes for the years from 1969. A recent addition to EconLit is indexing of economics journal articles from 1886 to 1968 parallel to the print series Index of Economic Articles.
In economics, an optimum currency area (OCA) or optimal currency region (OCR) is a geographical region in which it would maximize economic efficiency to have the entire region share a single currency.
In economics, a spillover is a positive or a negative, but more often negative, impact experienced in one region or across the world due to an independent event occurring from an unrelated environment.
China has an upper middle income, developing, mixed, socialist market economy incorporating industrial policies and strategic five-year plans. It is the world's second largest economy by nominal GDP, behind the United States, and the world's largest economy since 2016 when measured by purchasing power parity (PPP). China accounted for 19% of the global economy in 2022 in PPP terms, and around 18% in nominal terms in 2022. The economy consists of public sector enterprises, state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and mixed-ownership enterprises, as well as a large domestic private sector and openness to foreign businesses in their system. According to the annual data of major economic indicators released by the National Bureau of Statistics since 1952, China's GDP grew by an average of 6.17% per year in the 26 years from 1953 to 1978. China implemented economic reform in 1978, and from 1979 to 2023, the country's GDP growth rate grew by an average of 8.93% per year in the 45 years since its implementing economic reform. According to preliminary data released by the authorities, China's GDP in 2023 was CN¥126.06 trillion with a real increase of 5.2% than the last year.
The Great Recession was a period of marked decline in economies around the world that occurred in the late 2000s. The scale and timing of the recession varied from country to country. At the time, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) concluded that it was the most severe economic and financial meltdown since the Great Depression. One result was a serious disruption of normal international relations.
The 2008–09 Chinese economic stimulus plan was a RMB¥ 4 trillion stimulus package aiming to minimize the impact of the financial crisis of 2007–2008 on the Chinese economy. It was announced by the State Council of the People's Republic of China on 9 November 2008. The economic stimulus plan was seen as a success: While China's economic growth fell to almost 6% by the end of 2008, it had recovered to over 10% by in mid-2009. Critics of China's stimulus package have blamed it for causing a surge in Chinese debt since 2009, particularly among local governments and state-owned enterprises. The World Bank subsequently went on to recommend similar public works spending campaigns to western governments experiencing the effects of the financial crisis, but the US and EU instead decided to pursue long-term policies of quantitative easing.
Green growth is a concept in economic theory and policymaking used to describe paths of economic growth that are environmentally sustainable. It is based on the understanding that as long as economic growth remains a predominant goal, a decoupling of economic growth from resource use and adverse environmental impacts is required. As such, green growth is closely related to the concepts of green economy and low-carbon or sustainable development. A main driver for green growth is the transition towards sustainable energy systems. Advocates of green growth policies argue that well-implemented green policies can create opportunities for employment in sectors such as renewable energy, green agriculture, or sustainable forestry.
Lúcio Vinhas de Souza is a Brazilian Born-Portuguese economist. His main research areas are global macroeconomics, development economics, monetary economics, finance and country risk, with extensive work experience at the developed economies of the European Union and the US, and in several emerging market regions, from the former Soviet Union to East Asia, Africa and Latin America.
Patrick Robert Chovanec is an American writer and economic advisor at Silvercrest Asset Management, where he was formerly chief strategist. He has taught as a professor at Tsinghua University's School of Business and Management in Beijing, China and as an adjunct professor at the School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University, and is a frequent commentator on the Chinese and global economies. A former political aide to senior Republican Party leaders in the U.S., and a political conservative, he left the party and became an independent as part of the Never Trump movement. In 2023, he authored Cleared for the Option: A Year Learning to Fly, a book about the process of becoming an airplane pilot.
The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) is a multilateral development bank and international financial institution that aims to collectively improve economic and social outcomes in Asia. It is the world's second largest multi-lateral development institution. Headquartered in Beijing, China, the bank currently has 109 members, including 13 prospective members from around the world. The breakdown of the 109 members by continents are as follows: 42 in Asia, 26 in Europe, 22 in Africa, 9 in Oceania, 8 in South America, and 2 in North America. The bank started operation after the agreement entered into force on 25 December 2015, after ratifications were received from 10 member states holding a total number of 50% of the initial subscriptions of the Authorized Capital Stock.
The 2015-2016 Chinese stock market turbulence began with the popping of a stock market bubble on 12 June 2015 and ended in early February 2016. A third of the value of A-shares on the Shanghai Stock Exchange was lost within one month of the event. Major aftershocks occurred around 27 July and 24 August's "Black Monday". By 8–9 July 2015, the Shanghai stock market had fallen 30 percent over three weeks as 1,400 companies, or more than half listed, filed for a trading halt in an attempt to prevent further losses. Values of Chinese stock markets continued to drop despite efforts by the government to reduce the fall. After three stable weeks the Shanghai index fell again by 8.48 percent on 24 August, marking the largest fall since 2007.
Jeannine N. Bailliu is a Canadian economist who is currently the Associate Vice-President (Programs) at the C.D. Howe Institute in Toronto. Prior to joining the C.D. Howe Institute, Jeannine spent over twenty years working at the Bank of Canada, where she held a number of senior roles including Senior Policy Advisor and Director of Emerging Markets. Dr. Bailliu has published multiple scholarly articles, focusing her research on international economics, international finance and applied econometrics.
Window guidance or informal guidance, is an informal policy instrument used to regulate the supply of credit in an industry or sector. Window guidance typically involves the use of benevolent compulsion in order to regulate the supply of credit as a way to achieve policy targets such as sustainability. Window guidance involves the use of monetary policy instruments including lending quotas as an informal way to subsidize or regulate the volume of credit in an industry or financial sector. Window guidance is often associated with the Bank of Japan's policies during the Japanese economic miracle, although similar policies have been widely used in the post WWII era in other Asian countries, as well as Western European countries and Canada.
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