The eighth child of the Dean of Ardagh,Richard Graves,and Elizabeth Mary Drought (1767–1827),daughter of Rev. James Drought (1738–1820) D.D.,of Dublin and Park,"a member of one of the principal families of the King's County (Offaly)," whose mother was the sister of Theaker Wilder.[1] Wilder,Robert's father and maternal grandfather were all Senior Fellows of Trinity College Dublin,where in 1811 he was entered under his elder brother-in-law,Thomas Meredith,after receiving his early schooling in Downpatrick and Dublin.
Graves had an exceptional talent for languages,and while in continental Europe he was imprisoned for ten days in Austria when travelling on foot without a passport;the authorities thought him to be a German spy,none of them believing that an Irishman could speak their language so well.[2] Continuing his travels,in the Swiss Alps Graves became acquainted with the painter Joseph Mallord William Turner. They travelled and sketched together for several months,eventually parting company in Rome. On his way from Genoa to Sicily,Graves saved a ship and its mutinous crew by assuming command during a storm in the Mediterranean. During a gale the vessel sprang a leak,the pumps failed,and the crew attempted to abandon ship:Graves holed the one lifeboat with an axe,declaring to the crew,"let us all be drowned together,it is a pity to part good company",he then proceeded to repair the pumps with leather from his own shoes,so saving the ship and all aboard.[2]
Medical career
Graves returned to Dublin in 1821,setting up his own medical practice and introducing new clinical methods that he had witnessed on his travels to the Meath Hospital and the Park Street School of Medicine which he helped found. This included,among other things,bedsides teaching,of which William Hale-White said "this is real clinical teaching",and went on in his book,Great Doctors of the Nineteenth Century,to say that Graves held the honour of introducing this system to Ireland:
(Graves) insists that... mere walking the hospital must go. The Edinburgh system,in which the teacher interrogates the patient in a loud voice,the clerk repeats the patients' answer in a similar voice,the crowd of students round the bed,most of whom cannot see the patient,hears all this and makes notes,is of no use. Students must examine patients for themselves under the guidance of their teachers,they must make suggestions as to diagnosis,morbid anatomy and treatment to their teacher who will discuss the cases with them.
In this technique one of his students,William Stokes (1804–1878),soon became his collaborator. Together they made the Dublin School of Medicine famous throughout the world.
Graves was possessed of the qualities that would ensure a great teacher. He was tall,somewhat swarthy with a vivacious manner,and like other avant-garde professors of his time,he gave his lectures in English rather than in Latin,or Dog Latin as was still the case in most classes in the 1830s. In his introductory lecture he said:"From the very commencement the student should set out to witness the progress and effects of sickness and ought to persevere in the daily observation of disease during the whole period of his studies".
He was appointed Professor to the Institutes of medicine in the Irish College of Physicians and wrote essays and gave lectures on physiological topics. His "Clinical Lectures" were published in 1843 (and again in 1848),giving fame to his name throughout Europe. He was president of the Royal College of Physicians of Ireland in 1843 and 1844 and was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of London in 1849. He received honorary membership of the medical societies in Berlin,Vienna,Hamburg,Tübingen,Bruges and Montreal.
Among the innovations introduced in the lectures were the timing of the pulse by watch and the practicing of giving food and liquids to patients with fever instead of withholding nourishment. It was on a ward round that Graves light-heartedly suggested to William Stokes,'Lest when I am gone you may be at a loss for an epitaph for me,let me give you one –He Fed Fevers.'
As well as the practical importance of bedside learning to ensure that a graduate was not "a practitioner who has never practised" he emphasised the importance of research,"learn the duty as well as taste the pleasure of original work". He corresponded with old pupils all over the world and continued as an inspired teacher until his death in 1853.
Graves was sometimes sarcastic. In dealing with a colleague's attack on the use of the stethoscope (the instrument was advocated by himself and Stokes having been invented in France in 1816),he wrote:"We suspect Dr Clutterbuck's sense of hearing must be injured:for him the 'ear trumpet' magnifies but distorts sound,rendering it less distinct than before". Dr. Clutterbuck was Henry Clutterbuck,1770–1856.
In recognition of his achievements in education,Graves was named Regius professor of the Institute of Medicine in Trinity College. With William Stokes he edited the Dublin Journal of Medical and Chemical Science from 1832 to 1842,a journal he had founded with Sir Robert Kane (1809–1890). His lasting fame rests chiefly on his Clinical Lectures,which were a model for the day and recommended by none other than Armand Trousseau (1801–1867),who suggested the term Graves' disease.
Family
Cloghan Castle,the home of the Graves family from 1852 until 1908.
In 1821 he married his first wife (and first cousin),Matilda Jane Eustace (1806–1825),daughter of Richard and Catherine (Drought) Eustace of Valetta,Kingstown. She died after giving birth to a daughter,who died young. In 1826 he married his second wife (the sister of one of his brothers-in-law),Sarah Jane Brinkley (1801–1827),daughter of Bishop John Brinkley,but she died with her daughter giving birth. In 1830 he married his third wife (another relation of Graves' through the Dawsons of Dartrey),Anna (died 1873),the eldest daughter of Rev. William Grogan of Slaney Park and Anne Saunders.[3] By his third wife he was the father of six children,one of whom married Edward Blackburne of Rathfarnham Castle,the eldest son of Francis Blackburne,Lord Chancellor of Ireland. His granddaughter,Georgina (Graves) Synge,was married to a first cousin of the playwright John Millington Synge. Cloghan Castle was left to his eldest son,Lt.-Colonel William Grogan Graves,High Sheriff of King's County.
Death
Graves kept a townhouse on Merrion Square but died of liver disease at his country residence,20 March 1853,at age 56. The year before he died his wife persuaded him to buy Cloghan Castle,County Offaly,which was near to his cousins,the Droughts,at Banagher. It was eventually sold by his grandson in 1908.[4] He was buried in Mount Jerome Cemetery,Dublin. His library,worth £30,000 (equivalent to £3,834,649in 2023),was left to Trinity College Dublin. Following his death,a Dublin watchmaking company began selling watches with second hands,a concept Graves had come up with for personal use but didn't patent.[5] A collection of various of his papers,including a biography,was published by his friend and contemporary William Stokes as Studies in Physiology and Medicine,London,1863.
Bibliography
Clinical reports,of the medical cases in the Meath Hospital and County of Dublin Infirmary,during the session 1826,1827 (1827)
A lecture on the functions of the lymphatic system (1834)
Clinical lectures delivered during the sessions of 1834-5 and 1836-7 (1838)
Clinical lectures (1842)
A system of clinical medicine (1843)
Clinical lectures on the practice of medicine (1848)
Studies in physiology and medicine (1863),edited by William Stokes
Sir William Rowan Hamilton was an Irish mathematician,astronomer,and physicist. He was Andrews Professor of Astronomy at Trinity College Dublin.
Sir William Robert Wills Wilde FRCSI was an Anglo-Irish oto-ophthalmologic surgeon and the author of significant works on medicine,archaeology and folklore,particularly concerning his native Ireland. He was the father of Oscar Wilde.
William Stokes was an Irish physician,who was Regius Professor of Physic at Trinity College Dublin. He graduated from the University of Edinburgh Medical School with an MD in 1825 later returning the practice in Dublin at Meath Hospital. He went on to create two important works on cardiac and pulmonary diseases –A Treatise on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Diseases of the Chest (1837) and The Diseases of the Heart and Aorta (1854) –as well as one of the first treatises on the use of the stethoscope. He emphasised the importance of clinical examination in forming diagnoses,and of ward-based learning for students of medicine.
Sir William Stokes was an Irish surgeon.
The City of Dublin Steam Packet Company was a shipping line established in 1823. It served cross-channel routes between Britain and Ireland for over a century. For 70 of those years it transported the mail. It was 'wound-up' by a select committee of the House of Lords in 1922 and finally liquidated in 1930.
Richard Graves (1763–1829) was a Church of Ireland cleric,theological scholar and author of Graves on the Pentateuch. He was a Doctor of Divinity,one of the seven Senior Fellows of Trinity College,Dublin;a member of the Royal Irish Academy;Regius Professor of Greek (Dublin);and Dean of Ardagh. He was the younger brother of Thomas Ryder Graves,Dean of Ardfert and Connor.
Dr Steevens' Hospital,one of Ireland's most distinguished eighteenth-century medical establishments,was located at Kilmainham in Dublin Ireland. It was founded under the terms of the will of Richard Steevens,an eminent physician in Dublin. The seal of the hospital consisted of 'The Good Samaritan healing the wounds of the fallen traveller' with the motto beneath "Do Thou Likewise".
Robert Bentley Todd was an Irish-born physician who is best known for describing the condition postictal paralysis in his Lumleian Lectures in 1849 now known as Todd's palsy.
Sir Thomas Lauder Brunton,1st Baronet,was a British physician who is most-closely associated with the use of amyl nitrite to treat angina pectoris.
The Meath Hospital was a general hospital in the Earl of Meath's Liberty in Dublin,Ireland. It was absorbed into the Tallaght Hospital in June 1998.
The Medical Society of London is one of the oldest surviving medical societies in the United Kingdom.
Robert William Whitty Cryan (1827–1881) was an Irish medical doctor,professor of Anatomy and Physiology at the Catholic University in Dublin,Ireland,as well as a lecturer on anatomy and Physiology at the Carmichael School of Medicine in Dublin
The School of Medicine at Trinity College in Dublin,Republic of Ireland,is the oldest medical school in Ireland. Founded in the early eighteenth century,it was originally situated at the site of the current Berkeley Library. As well as providing an undergraduate degree in medicine,the school provides undergraduate courses in physiotherapy,occupational therapy,radiation therapy,human nutrition &dietetics and human health &disease,over 20 taught postgraduate courses,and research degrees.
The Irish Journal of Medical Science is a quarterly peer-reviewed medical journal that was established in 1832 by Robert Kane as the Dublin Journal of Medical &Chemical Science. Besides Kane,it had distinguished editors like Robert James Graves and William Wilde. It is the official organ of the Royal Academy of Medicine in Ireland and published by Springer Science+Business Media.
Walter Hayle Walshe (1812–1892) was an Irish physician,a pioneer in the study of cancer with his discovery that malignant cells can be recognised under a microscope.
Francis Rynd was an Irish physician known for inventing the hypodermic needle used in syringes.
Robert Ellis Dudgeon was a Scottish homeopath.
Whitley Stokes (1763–1845) was an Irish physician and polymath. A one-time United Irishman,in 1798 he was sanctioned by Trinity College Dublin for his alleged republicanism. In 1821,he published a rebuttal of Robert Malthus's thesis that,as spurs to population growth,in Ireland attempts to improve the general welfare are self-defeating. The country's problem,Stokes argued,was not her "numbers" but her indifferent government.
Clinical Reports of the Medical Cases in the Meath Hospital and County of Dublin Infirmary During the Session 1826, 27, P. 1.
With William Stokes. Dublin, 1827,
Lectures on the Functions of the Lymphatic System.
Dublin, 1828.
Clinical lectures.
First published 1835 in the London Medical and Surgical Journal and London Medical Gazette. The series for two sessions were first collected and published together in Philadelphia, 1838, as: Clinical lectures delivered during the sessions of 1834–5 and 1836–7.
Newly observed affection of the thyroid gland in females. (Clinical lectures.)
London Medical and Surgical Journal, 1835; VII: 516–517.
A System of Clinical Medicine.
Dublin, Fannin & Co., 1843. 3rd American edition with notes etc. by William Gerhard (1809–1872), Philadelphia, 1848. German translation by Heiman Bressler (1805–1873): Klinische Erfahrungen aus dem Englischen von Robert Graves übersetzt. Leipzig, 1843.
Clinical Lectures on the Practice of Medicine.
2nd edition of A System of Clinical Medicine, edited by John Moore Neligan (1815–1863). 2 volumes, Dublin 1848; French translation by Sigismond Jaccoud, Paris, 1862. Much new material was added to this edition, especially Graves' observation on the epidemiology of cholera. He was one of the first to clearly show that cholera was contagious and spread along the lines of human contact.
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