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Phonology is the branch of linguistics that studies how languages systematically organize their phones or,for sign languages,their constituent parts of signs. The term can also refer specifically to the sound or sign system of a particular language variety. At one time,the study of phonology related only to the study of the systems of phonemes in spoken languages,but may now relate to any linguistic analysis either:
Auditory phonetics is the branch of phonetics concerned with the hearing of speech sounds and with speech perception. It thus entails the study of the relationships between speech stimuli and a listener's responses to such stimuli as mediated by mechanisms of the peripheral and central auditory systems,including certain areas of the brain. It is said to compose one of the three main branches of phonetics along with acoustic and articulatory phonetics,though with overlapping methods and questions.
In linguistics,intonation is the variation in pitch used to indicate the speaker's attitudes and emotions,to highlight or focus an expression,to signal the illocutionary act performed by a sentence,or to regulate the flow of discourse. For example,the English question "Does Maria speak Spanish or French?" is interpreted as a yes-or-no question when it is uttered with a single rising intonation contour,but is interpreted as an alternative question when uttered with a rising contour on "Spanish" and a falling contour on "French". Although intonation is primarily a matter of pitch variation,its effects almost always work hand-in-hand with other prosodic features. Intonation is distinct from tone,the phenomenon where pitch is used to distinguish words or to mark grammatical features.
Janet Pierrehumbert is Professor of Language Modelling in the Oxford e-Research Centre at the University of Oxford and a senior research fellow of Trinity College,Oxford. She developed an intonational model which includes a grammar of intonation patterns and an explicit algorithm for calculating pitch contours in speech,as well as an account of intonational meaning. It has been widely influential in speech technology,psycholinguistics,and theories of language form and meaning. Pierrehumbert is also affiliated with the New Zealand Institute of Language Brain and Behaviour at the University of Canterbury.
Mark Jerome Steedman,is a computational linguist and cognitive scientist.
Mary Esther Beckman is a Professor Emerita of Linguistics at the Ohio State University.
Aditi Lahiri is an Indian-born British linguist and Professor emerita of Linguistics at the University of Oxford. She held the Chair of Linguistics at the University of Oxford from 2007 until her retirement in 2022;she was a Fellow of Somerville College,Oxford. Her main research interests are in phonology,phonetics,historical linguistics,psycholinguistics,and neurolinguistics.
The Association for Laboratory Phonology is a non-profit professional society for researchers interested in the sound structure of language. It was founded to promote the scientific study of all aspects of phonetics and phonology of oral and sign languages through scholarly exchange across disciplines and through the use of a hybrid methodology. The founding and honorary members are Amalia Arvaniti,Mary Beckman,Cathi Best,Catherine Browman,Jennifer S. Cole,Mariapaola D'Imperio,Louis M. Goldstein,JoséIgnacio Hualde,Patricia Keating,John Kingston,D.R. Ladd,Peter Ladefoged,Janet Pierrehumbert,Caroline Smith,Paul Warren,and Douglas Whalen. The Association is an international body open to scholars world-wide,and currently has over 100 members.
Laboratory phonology is an approach to phonology that emphasizes the synergy between phonological theory and scientific experiments,including laboratory studies of human speech and experiments on the acquisition and productivity of phonological patterns. The central goal of laboratory phonology is "gaining an understanding of the relationship between the cognitive and physical aspects of human speech" through the use of an interdisciplinary approach that promotes scholarly exchange across disciplines,bridging linguistics with psychology,electrical engineering,and computer science,and other fields. Although spoken speech has represented the major area of research,the investigation of sign languages and manual signs as encoding elements is also included in laboratory phonology. Important antecedents of the field include work by Kenneth N. Stevens and Gunnar Fant on the acoustic theory of speech production,Ilse Lehiste's work on prosody and intonation,and Peter Ladefoged's work on typological variation and methods for data capture. Current research in laboratory phonology draws heavily on the theories of metrical phonology and autosegmental phonology which are sought to be tested with help of experimental procedures,in laboratory settings,or through linguistic data collection at field sites,and though evaluation with statistical methods,such as exploratory data analysis.
Carlos Gussenhoven is a professor of linguistics at Radboud University Nijmegen. He specializes in phonetics and phonology.
Pitch accent is a term used in autosegmental-metrical theory for local intonational features that are associated with particular syllables. Within this framework,pitch accents are distinguished from both the abstract metrical stress and the acoustic stress of a syllable. Different languages specify different relationships between pitch accent and stress placement.
Jacqueline Vaissière is a French phonetician.
Julia Hirschberg is an American computer scientist noted for her research on computational linguistics and natural language processing.
Janet Fletcher is an Australian linguist. She completed her BA at the University of Queensland in 1981 and then moved to the United Kingdom and received her PhD from the University of Reading in 1989.
Jane Setter is a British phonetician. She teaches at the University of Reading,where she is Professor of Phonetics. She is best known for work on the pronunciation of British and Hong Kong English,and on speech prosody in atypical populations.
Annie Rialland is a French linguist who is Director of Research emerita of the CNRS Laboratory of Phonetics and Phonology (Paris). Her main domains of expertise are phonetics,phonology,prosody,and African languages.
Sun-Ah Jun is a Korean-American professor of linguistics at the University of California,Los Angeles.
Amalia Arvaniti is a Greek linguist and Professor and Chair of English Language and Linguistics at Radboud University. She is known for her works on phonetics,phonology,and prosody,particularly intonation and speech rhythm.
Laura J. Downing is an American linguist,specializing in the phonology of African languages.
Yiya Chen is a linguist and phonetician specializing in speech prosody. She is professor of phonetics at Leiden University as well as senior researcher at the Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition.
References
- ↑ "D. Robert Ladd, FBA", Department of Linguistics and English Language, University of Edinburgh. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
- ↑ "Curriculum Vitae: D. Robert Ladd" (University of Edinburgh). Retrieved 2 July 2018.
- ↑ "The structure of intonational meaning by Dwight Robert Ladd, Jr.", University of Cornell Library Catalogue. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
- 1 2 "Professor Robert Ladd", British Academy. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
- ↑ "Ladd, Robert Dwight", Academia Europaea. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
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