Reader (academic rank)

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The title of reader in the United Kingdom and some universities in the Commonwealth of Nations, for example India, Australia and New Zealand, denotes an appointment for a senior academic with a distinguished international reputation in research or scholarship.

Contents

In the traditional hierarchy of British and other Commonwealth universities, reader (and principal lecturer in the new universities) [1] are academic ranks above senior lecturer and below Chaired Professor, recognising a distinguished record of original research. Reader is a professor without a chair, similar to the distinction between professor and chaired professor in Hong Kong and between professor extraordinarius andprofessor ordinarius at some European universities. Readership is one/two rank(s) more prestigious than senior/permanent Lecturership, which translate to Associate/Assistant Professorship. Readers in the UK would correspond to the start of full professors in China and the United States. [2]

The promotion criteria applied to a readership in the United Kingdom are similar to those applied to a professorship: advancing from senior lecturer to reader generally requires evidence of a distinguished record of original research. [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8]

Several UK universities have dispensed with the reader grade, such as the University of Oxford, [9] and the University of Leeds in 2012; [10] those currently holding readerships retain the title, but no new readers will be appointed. In the few UK universities, including the University of Cambridge, [11] that have adopted North American academic titles (i.e. lecturer is equivalent to assistant professor; senior lecturer equivalent to associate professor; professor equivalent to professor), readerships have become assimilated to professorships.

Denmark, Norway and Sweden

In Denmark and Norway, docent was traditionally a title ranking between associate professor and professor, and was virtually identical to a readership in the United Kingdom, although today, the title is used somewhat differently. The traditional Danish/Norwegian docent title is widely translated as reader. Historically, there would often only be one professor (chair) for each institute or discipline, and other academics at the top academic level would be appointed as docents. In Norway all docents became full professors when the docent rank was abolished in 1985.

In Sweden, and countries influenced by Sweden, docent is the highest academic title below that of (chair) Professor, but it is usually not an academic position in itself, but is more like a degree; in this sense it is somewhat comparable to the Habilitation found in certain countries in Continental Europe. The Swedish docent title is translated as either reader [12] or professor in the sense of a title above senior lecturer.

Associate professor in place of reader

At some universities in Commonwealth countries, such as India, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and Malaysia, and in Ireland, the title associate professor is used in place of reader, and similarly ranks above senior lecturer and below (chair) professor. This associate professor title should not be confused with the associate professor title used in the North American system; like the reader title it ranks higher than an associate professor in the North American system, as the North American associate professor corresponds to the senior lecturer rank in Commonwealth universities[ citation needed ]. About half as many people hold the full professor title in Commonwealth universities as compared to U.S. universities[ citation needed ]; hence the reader and associate professor ranks in the Commonwealth system broadly correspond to the lower half of the U.S. full professor rank [ citation needed ].

Comparison

The table presents a broad overview of the traditional main systems, but there are universities which use a combination of those systems or other titles[ citation needed ]. Note that some universities in Commonwealth countries have adopted the American system in place of the Commonwealth system.

Commonwealth systemAmerican system
Professor (chair)Chair or Distinguished Professor
Reader(mainly UK)
or associate professor
(Australia, NZ, India, Southeast
Asia, South Africa, Ireland)		Full Professor
Senior LecturerAssociate Professor
Lecturer Assistant Professor
Associate Lecturer Instructor

Notable examples

This rank was the highest academic rank reached by Alan Turing, Chaim Weizmann, [13] Mary Cartwright and Anita Brookner.

Related Research Articles

Lecturer is an academic rank within many universities, though the meaning of the term varies somewhat from country to country. It generally denotes an academic expert who is hired to teach on a full- or part-time basis. They may also conduct research.

Associate professor is an academic title with two principal meanings: in the North American system and that of the Commonwealth system.

Senior lecturer is an academic rank. In the United Kingdom, Ireland, New Zealand, Australia, Switzerland, and Israel senior lecturer is a faculty position at a university or similar institution. The position is tenured and is roughly equivalent to an associate professor in the North American system.

The title of docent is conferred by some European universities to denote a specific academic appointment within a set structure of academic ranks at or below the full professor rank, similar to a British readership, a French maître de conférences (MCF), and equal to or above the title of assistant professor. In Southeast European countries, it is the first position that people achieve once they enter the University, and after the completion of their PhD degree.

Honorary titles in academia may be conferred on persons in recognition of contributions by a non-employee or by an employee beyond regular duties. This practice primarily exists in the UK and Germany, as well as in many of the universities and colleges of the United States, Australia, Hong Kong, Taiwan, China, New Zealand, Japan, Denmark, and Canada.

A research fellow is an academic research position at a university or a similar research institution, usually for academic staff or faculty members. A research fellow may act either as an independent investigator or under the supervision of a principal investigator.

Academic ranks in the United States are the titles, relative importance and power of professors, researchers, and administrative personnel held in academia.

This article describes the academic positions and ranks in Sweden.

Academic ranks in higher education in Australia and New Zealand derive from a common heritage in the British university system.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Academic ranks in the United Kingdom</span> Overview of academic ranks in the United Kingdom

Academic ranks in the United Kingdom are the titles, relative seniority and responsibility of employees in universities. In general the country has three academic career pathways: one focused on research, one on teaching, and one that combines the two.

Academic ranks in the Czech Republic and in Slovakia are the titles, relative importance and power of professors, researchers, and administrative personnel held in academia.

Academic ranks in Hungary are the titles, relative importance and power of professors, researchers, and administrative personnel held in academia.

Academic ranks in Norway are the system of merit-based ranks used by academic employees in academia. Similar to the British rank system, the Norwegian rank system is broadly divided into three pathways, a combined research and teaching career pathway, a research career pathway and a teaching career pathway.

Academic ranks in the Netherlands are the titles, relative importance and power of professors, researchers, and administrative personnel held in academia.

Academic ranks in Russia are the conferred titles, indicating relative importance and power of professors, researchers, and administrative personnel in Russian academia and scientific institutions. The rank “certifies” the demonstrated ability of an individual to function in the specific academic position(s).

Academic ranks are the titles, relative importance and power of professors, researchers and administrative personnel held in academia.

Academic ranks in Denmark are the positions and titles of professors, researchers, and administrative personnel held in academia at Danish institutions, and the relations between them.

Academic ranks in Malaysia are the titles, relative importance and power of professors, researchers, and administrative personnel held in academia. Generally, Malaysia uses Commonwealth academic ranks. However, there are universities using their own academic titles.

References

  1. ↑ "Principal Lecturer (HE) – Careers Advice". Jobs.ac.uk. 11 January 2012. Retrieved 2019-07-08.
  2. ↑ Graham Webb, Making the most of appraisal: career and professional development planning for lecturers, Routledge, 1994, page 30, ISBN   0-7494-1256-9
  3. ↑ Norman, Jane; Murray, Alan (5 September 2019). "Guidance and Criteria for the Award of the Title of Reader" (PDF). The University of Edinburgh . Retrieved 10 August 2020.
  4. ↑ Promotion to Reader Archived 2014-05-13 at the Wayback Machine on the web-site of Newcastle University, read May 13, 2014.
  5. ↑ "University of London" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 18, 2011.
  6. ↑ "Lancaster University". Archived from the original on November 13, 2008.
  7. ↑ ASPC Procedures 2010 Archived 2014-05-14 at the Wayback Machine for promotion of Chairs and Readerships on the website of the Open University, read May 13, 2014.
  8. ↑ "University for the Creative Arts" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on August 27, 2011.
  9. ↑ Oxford, University of. "Academic posts at Oxford, Personnel Services site". Admin.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved 18 December 2016.
  10. ↑ "University of Leeds Human Resources Homepage". hr.leeds.ac.uk. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
  11. ↑ "Reports - Cambridge University Reporter 6582".
  12. ↑ "Procedure for appointment as reader ("docent") at the Faculty of Engineering, Lund University" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2014-05-18.
  13. ↑ "Weizmann at Manchester University". www.manchesterjewishstudies.org. Archived from the original on 2018-01-06. Retrieved 2018-01-05.
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