Roderic Broadhurst | |
---|---|
Occupation(s) | Criminal justice practitioner, academic, and author |
Academic background | |
Education | B.A., Government and Politics B.Ed., Special Education M.Phil., Criminology PhD., Criminal Justice |
Alma mater | University of Western Australia University of Cambridge |
Thesis | Evaluating Penal Policy and Imprisonment in Western Australia: an analysis of return to prison (1994) |
Academic work | |
Institutions | Australian National University (ANU) |
Roderic Broadhurst is a criminal justice practitioner,academic,and author. He is an Emeritus Professor at the School of Regulation and Global Governance (RegNet) and Fellow of the Research School of Asian and the Pacific at the Australian National University (ANU). [1]
Broadhurst's research interest areas are in criminology,with a current emphasis on organized crime in China and Asia,and crime in cyberspace. [2] His most notable contributions to the field,include chapters in publications,such as the Oxford Handbook of Organized Crime,Oxford Handbook of Cyber Security, and Asian Handbook of Criminology, and co-authoring three books,including Violence and the Civilising Process in Cambodia. [3]
In 2005,Broadhurst founded and served for three years as Editor-in-Chief of the Asian Journal of Criminology. [4]
Broadhurst received a B.A. in Government and Politics from the University of Western Australia in 1973,followed by a B.Ed. in Special Education from the same university in 1980. In 1983,he earned an M.Phil. in Criminology from the Cambridge Institute of Criminology. Following this,he completed a Ph.D. in Criminal Justice in 1994 from the Faculty of Law at the University of Western Australia,with a thesis titled "Evaluating Penal Policy and Imprisonment in Western Australia:an analysis of return to prison." He also holds a Certificate in Counselling from the Psychodrama Institute of Australia (1981) and is an Associate Consultant with the United States Institute of Analytical Interviewing (2000). [5]
Broadhurst began his academic career in 1990 as Senior Lecturer &Research Fellow in the Crime Research Centre of the Law School at the University of Western Australia and completed his doctorate in 1994. Subsequently,he held an appointment as a lecturer in the Department of Sociology at the University of Hong Kong,and was appointed as an associate professor there in 2005. [6] He then left Hong Kong and joined the School of Justice in the Faculty of Law at the Queensland University of Technology as a professor. In 2009,he was appointed Professor of Criminology at the Australian National University (ANU) and in 2021,became Professor Emeritus in the ANU School of Global Governance and Regulation (REGNET). [7] [8]
Broadhurst founded the University of Hong Kong Centre for Criminology in 1998,which was followed by appointments as the Secretary and Chair of the Hong Kong Criminology Society until 2006. He also served as the Head of the School of Justice Queensland University of Technology from 2005 till 2008, [9] the external assessor of City University of Hong Kong from 2004 till 2014,and was formerly (2010-2013) the deputy director of the Australian Research Council,Centre of Excellence in Policing and Security at ANU. [10]
Broadhurst's research has focused on criminology topics such as lethal violence,victimization,and longitudinal research on recidivism and dangerous offending. His current research concentrates on cybercrime and organized and transnational crime. [5]
Broadhurst has conducted research on organized and transnational crime,particularly in the Indo-Asia Pacific region. [11] [12] Through his research studies,he has identified weak governance structures and inadequate law enforcement resources as significant challenges in combatting transnational organized crime,and proposed strategies such as regional cooperation,capacity building for police forces,intelligence sharing,border control measures,and anti-money laundering regulations. [13] [14]
Broadhurst has undertaken research on crime victims in Cambodia and China,as well as administering UN crime victimization surveys in both countries. His co-authored book,Business and the Risk of Crime in China presented the findings of a victimization survey conducted in major Chinese cities,including Hong Kong and Shanghai,analyzing both conventional and non-conventional crimes and their impact on businesses,with key policy implications discussed. [15] Specifically,his work on organized crime in China revealed that its resurgence,including groups similar to triads,is due to modernization,globalization,and the country's transition from communism to Chinese state capitalism, [16] and their strong ties to local governments,businesses,and international criminal networks. [17] Having examined the nature and prevalence of crime in Hong Kong since post-war 1945, [18] his 2004 work with Chan and Beh investigated homicide-suicide (HS) in a Chinese population and found that most events were motivated by domestic disputes,and depression was common among offenders with low socio-economic backgrounds in Hong Kong. [19]
While undertaking field work on violence and crime trends in post-conflict Cambodia,Broadhurst estimated homicide rates and identified a decline in violent crimes and homicides,but a lack of confidence in the police. [20] [21] It was also established that foreign aid has contributed to an ineffective legal framework for defining human trafficking,which then enables an inefficient justice system to prosecute vulnerable individuals. [22] More recently,he discussed the growth of organized crime in Asia and its connection to the increase in recreational drug use,including ATS,synthetic opiates,and cocaine. He argued that criminal networks thrive on profitable opportunities and suggested countermeasures such as restricting exports of precursor chemicals. [23]
Broadhurst has contributed to understanding of cybercrime in Asia by providing an overview of its development and law-enforcement response,and has identified the challenges that need to be addressed for effective cross-national policing of cybercrime within this region. [24] He has evaluated the international efforts to combat cyber-crime,focusing on mutual legal assistance,and has noted the quick execution of traditional crimes in the online space,as well as the global threat posed by malicious codes.
Broadhurst and colleagues at the ANU Cybercrime Observatory researched the challenges posed by the cross-border nature of computer-related crimes,which render many established methods ineffective,even in advanced nations, [25] and reviewed the nature of cybercrime groups and their activities,covering definition,scope,theoretical challenges,and empirical evidence. One of his highly cited studies has provided examples of individual and group behavior,including state actors,and described various types of cybercrime based on a typology proposed by McGuire. Additionally,his research has highlighted the involvement of criminal organizations in different levels of cybercrime,from enterprise to protest activities,which require specialized leadership and structure for successful execution. [26] He also evaluated criminal activity linked to spam and suggested understanding offender tactics,victim vulnerabilities,and collaborating with non-state actors to combat spam as an effective in reducing the harms for cybercrime. [27]
Broadhurst has conducted substantial criminology research aimed at reducing recidivism and rehabilitating offenders. Together with Ross Maller,he applied one of the earliest applications of survival (actuarial) analysis to the calculation of recidivism rates. They drew on a longitudinal data set of prisoners released for the first time from the Western Australian Prison population,and reported the risks of re-offending increased with incarceration and high rates of recidivism among indigenous prisoners. [28] In related research,he estimated probabilities of re-incarceration,and identified predictive factors for recidivist behavior. [29]
Exploring the relationship between Aboriginal cultural strength,socioeconomic stress,and imprisonment rates,he noted that states with higher Aboriginal cultural strength and socioeconomic stress had evolved more punitive justice systems for Aboriginal people. [30] He also explored the over use of imprisonment among indigenous Australians arising from the interaction of Aboriginal people with the Australian criminal justice system,including their representation in courts and prisons,police activity,community corrections,access to victim services,and findings from the Royal Commission into Deaths in Custody. [31] Directing his research efforts towards investigating alternative measures such as restorative justice he analyzed (with co-author Kathy Daly) the general and sexual re-offending rates of South Australian youth charged with sexual offenses and compared the outcomes of court,conference,and specialist treatment cases using a Weibull mixture model,taking into account prior offending and other factors. [32] He,along with researchers from the Australian National University and the Australian Institute of Criminology,determined the restorative justice conferencing program had high satisfaction levels among victims and offenders,and lower reoffending rates,compared to young offenders processed through the normal system. [33]
Organized crime is a category of transnational,national,or local groupings of highly centralized enterprises run by criminals to engage in illegal activity,most commonly for profit. While organized crime is generally thought of as a form of illegal business,some criminal organizations,such as terrorist groups,rebel forces,and separatists,are politically motivated. Many criminal organizations rely on fear or terror to achieve their goals or aims as well as to maintain control within the organization and may adopt tactics commonly used by authoritarian regimes to maintain power. Some forms of organized crime simply exist to cater towards demand of illegal goods in a state or to facilitate trade of goods and services that may have been banned by a state. Sometimes,criminal organizations force people to do business with them,such as when a gang extorts money from shopkeepers for "protection". Street gangs may often be deemed organized crime groups or,under stricter definitions of organized crime,may become disciplined enough to be considered organized. A criminal organization can also be referred to as an outfit,a gang,crime family,mafia,mob,(crime) ring,or syndicate;the network,subculture,and community of criminals involved in organized crime may be referred to as the underworld or gangland. Sociologists sometimes specifically distinguish a "mafia" as a type of organized crime group that specializes in the supply of extra-legal protection and quasi-law enforcement. Academic studies of the original "Mafia",the Italian Mafia,which predates the other groups,generated an economic study of organized crime groups and exerted great influence on studies of the Russian mafia,the Chinese Triads,the Hong Kong Triads,and the Japanese Yakuza.
Restorative justice is an approach to justice that aims to get offenders to take responsibility for their actions,to understand the harm they have caused,to give them an opportunity to redeem themselves,and to discourage them from causing further harm. For victims,its goal is to give them an active role in the process and to reduce feelings of anxiety and powerlessness.
The term "white-collar crime" refers to financially motivated,nonviolent or non-directly violent crime committed by individuals,businesses and government professionals. It was first defined by the sociologist Edwin Sutherland in 1939 as "a crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of their occupation". Typical white-collar crimes could include wage theft,fraud,bribery,Ponzi schemes,insider trading,labor racketeering,embezzlement,cybercrime,copyright infringement,money laundering,identity theft,and forgery. White-collar crime overlaps with corporate crime.
Criminal psychology, also referred to as criminological psychology,is the study of the views,thoughts,intentions,actions and reactions of criminals and suspects. It is a subfield of criminology and applied psychology.
Recidivism is the act of a person repeating an undesirable behavior after they have experienced negative consequences of that behavior,or have been trained to extinguish. It is also used to refer to the percentage of former prisoners who are rearrested for a similar offense.
The Australian High Tech Crime Centre (AHTCC) are hosted by the Australian Federal Police (AFP) at their headquarters in Canberra. Under the auspices of the AFP,the AHTCC is party to the formal Joint Operating Arrangement established between the AFP,the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation and the Computer Network Vulnerability Team of the Australian Signals Directorate.
Articles related to criminology and law enforcement.
Internet vigilantism is the act of carrying out vigilante activities through the Internet. The term encompasses vigilantism against alleged scams,crimes,and non-Internet-related behavior.
David S. Wall FRSA FAcSS is Professor of Criminology at the Centre for Criminal Justice Studies,School of Law,University of Leeds,England,where he researches and teaches cybercrime,policing,organised and transnational crime and intellectual property crime. He rejoined the University of Leeds in August 2015 from Durham University,where he was Professor of Criminology. Between 2011 and 2014 he was Head of the School of Applied Social Sciences (SASS). Before moving to Durham in 2010 he was Professor of Criminal Justice and Information Society at the University of Leeds,where he also held the position of Head of the School of Law (2005–2007) and Director of the Centre for Criminal Justice Studies (2000–2005). He is a Fellow of the Alan Turing Institute.
The Australian Institute of Criminology (AIC) is Australia's national research and knowledge centre on crime and criminal justice. The Institute seeks to promote justice and reduce crime by undertaking and communicating evidence-based research to inform policy and practice.
Incapacitation in the context of criminal sentencing philosophy is one of the functions of punishment. It involves capital punishment,sending an offender to prison,or possibly restricting their freedom in the community,to protect society and prevent that person from committing further crimes. Incarceration,as the primary mechanism for incapacitation,is also used as to try to deter future offending.
The 14K (十四K) is a triad group based in Hong Kong but active internationally. It is the second largest triad group in the world with around 20,000 members split into thirty subgroups. They are the main rival of the Sun Yee On,which is the largest triad.
Lawrence W. Sherman is an American experimental criminologist and police educator who is the founder of evidence-based policing.
Indigenous Australians are both convicted of crimes and imprisoned at a disproportionately higher rate in Australia,as well as being over-represented as victims of crime. As of September 2019,Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander prisoners represented 28% of the total adult prisoner population,while accounting for 2% of the general adult population. Various explanations have been given for this over-representation,both historical and more recent. Federal and state governments and Indigenous groups have responded with various analyses,programs and measures.
Capital punishment in Macau was formally abolished in 1976 and reiterated in the Penal Code of Macau in the 1995.
A triad is a Chinese transnational organized crime syndicate based in Greater China with outposts in various countries having significant Chinese diaspora populations.
Criminal justice reform seeks to address structural issues in criminal justice systems such as racial profiling,police brutality,overcriminalization,mass incarceration,and recidivism. Reforms can take place at any point where the criminal justice system intervenes in citizens’lives,including lawmaking,policing,sentencing and incarceration. Criminal justice reform can also address the collateral consequences of conviction,including disenfranchisement or lack of access to housing or employment,that may restrict the rights of individuals with criminal records.
Sex offender registration and notification (SORN) laws in the United States are widely accepted,with supporters believing that disclosing the location of sex offenders residence improves the public's ability to guard themselves and their children from sexual victimization. Despite this wide public acceptance,empirical observations do not uniformly support this belief.
David Indermaur is an Australian clinical psychologist,criminologist,writer,and academic. He is a research associate professor at the University of Western Australia's Crime Research Centre.
Penal populism is a media driven political process whereby politicians compete with each other to impose tougher prison sentences on offenders based on a perception that crime is out of control. It tends to manifest in the run up to elections when political parties put forward hard-line policies which they believe the public wants,rather than evidence-based policies based on their effectiveness at dealing with crime and associated social problems.
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