Roland Brown | |
|---|---|
 Brown (second left) | |
| 1st Attorney General of Tanzania | |
| In office 1964–1965 | |
| Appointed by | Julius Nyerere |
| Succeeded by | Mark Bomani |
| Personal details | |
| Nationality | British |
| Profession | Barrister |
Roland Brown is an English barrister who served as the first Attorney General of Tanzania. [1]
Brown was a part time lecturer at Trinity College at the University of Cambridge. He was appointed as a constitutional adviser to Julius Nyerere,the leader of the Tanganyika Territory's independence movement. [2]
In 1961,he was appointed as the first Attorney General of independent Tanganyika,succeeding J. S. R. Cole. However,he was not a member of the cabinet. [3] After the revolution that overthrew the neighbouring Sultanate of Zanzibar in 1964,Nyerere is said to have asked him to draft a union agreement in the strictest confidence between Tanganyika and the new state of the People's Republic of Zanzibar and Pemba. [4] In 1965,he was succeeded by Mark Bomani.
Following the 1967 Arusha Declaration,Brown was given three days to prepare a bill for the nationalization of private owned banks in the country. [5]
Tanzania,officially the United Republic of Tanzania,is a country in East Africa within the African Great Lakes region. It is bordered by Uganda to the northwest;Kenya to the northeast;the Indian Ocean to the east;Mozambique and Malawi to the south;Zambia to the southwest;and Rwanda,Burundi,and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west. Mount Kilimanjaro,Africa's highest mountain,is in northeastern Tanzania. According to the 2022 national census,Tanzania has a population of around 62 million.
The modern-day African Great Lakes state of Tanzania dates formally from 1964,when it was formed out of the union of the much larger mainland territory of Tanganyika and the coastal archipelago of Zanzibar. The former was a colony and part of German East Africa from the 1880s to 1919 when,under the League of Nations,it became a British mandate. It served as a British military outpost during World War II,providing financial help,munitions,and soldiers. In 1947,Tanganyika became a United Nations Trust Territory under British administration,a status it kept until its independence in 1961. The island of Zanzibar thrived as a trading hub,successively controlled by the Portuguese,the Sultanate of Oman,and then as a British protectorate by the end of the nineteenth century.
The politics of Tanzania takes place in a framework of a unitary presidential democratic republic,whereby the President of Tanzania is both head of state and head of government,and of a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and parliament. The party system is dominated by the Chama Cha Mapinduzi. The Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature.
Tanganyika was a sovereign state,comprising the mainland part of present-day Tanzania,that existed from 1961 until 1964. It first gained independence from the United Kingdom on 9 December 1961 as a Commonwealth realm headed by Queen Elizabeth II before becoming a republic within the Commonwealth of Nations a year later. After signing the Articles of Union on 22 April 1964 and passing an Act of Union on 25 April,Tanganyika officially joined with the People's Republic of Zanzibar to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar on Union Day,26 April 1964. The new state changed its name to the United Republic of Tanzania within a year.
Julius Kambarage Nyerere was a Tanzanian anti-colonial activist,politician and political theorist. He governed Tanganyika as prime minister from 1961 to 1962 and then as president from 1962 to 1964,after which he led its successor state,Tanzania,as president from 1964 to 1985. He was a founding member and chair of the Tanganyika African National Union (TANU) party,and of its successor,Chama Cha Mapinduzi,from 1954 to 1990. Ideologically an African nationalist and African socialist,he promoted a political philosophy known as Ujamaa.
The president of the United Republic of Tanzania is the head of state and head of government of Tanzania.
The Tanganyika African National Union (TANU) was the principal political party in the struggle for sovereignty in the East African state of Tanganyika. The party was formed from the Tanganyika African Association by Julius Nyerere in July 1954 when he was teaching at St. Francis' College. From 1964 the party was called the Tanzania African National Union. In January 1977 the TANU merged with the ruling party in Zanzibar,the Afro-Shirazi Party (ASP),to form the current Revolutionary State Party or Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM). The policy of TANU was to build and maintain a socialist state aiming towards economic self-sufficiency and to eradicate corruption and exploitation,with the major means of production and exchange under the control of the peasants and workers.
Abeid Amani Karume was the first President of Zanzibar. He obtained this title as a result of a revolution which led to the deposing of Sir Jamshid bin Abdullah,the last reigning Sultan of Zanzibar,in January 1964. Three months later,the United Republic of Tanzania was founded,and Karume became the first Vice President of the United Republic with Julius Nyerere of Tanganyika as president of the new country. He was the father of Zanzibar's former president,Amani Abeid Karume.
The Zanzibar Revolution began on 12 January 1964 and led to the overthrow of the Sultan of Zanzibar Jamshid bin Abdullah and his mainly Arab government by the island's majority Black African population.
Godfrey Mwakikagile is a Tanzanian scholar and author specialising in African studies. He was also a news reporter for The Standard —the oldest and largest English newspaper in Tanzania and one of the three largest in East Africa. Mwakikagile wrote Nyerere and Africa:End of an Era —a biographical book on the life of former Tanzanian President Julius Nyerere set in the backdrop of Africa's early post-colonial years and the liberation wars in the countries of southern Africa in which Nyerere played a major role.
Tanganyika was a colonial territory in East Africa which was administered by the United Kingdom in various guises from 1916 until 1961. It was initially administered under a military occupation regime. From 20 July 1922,it was formalised into a League of Nations mandate under British rule. From 1946,it was administered by the UK as a United Nations trust territory.
The Articles of Union of Tanganyika and Zanzibar of 1964 is the main foundation of the Constitutions of the United Republic of Tanzania of 1977 and the Zanzibar Revolutionary Government of 1984. The Articles of the Union were signed on April 22,1964,by the Founders of the Union,Julius Nyerere and Abeid Amani Karume and agreed in 11 matters which later increased to over 22 and are the source of tension and dispute between mainland Tanzania mainland and Zanzibar. See Uamsho movement. The original Articles of Union which contain both Signatures from Nyerere and Karume are yet to be found.
Elizabeth II was Queen of Tanganyika from 1961 to 1962,when Tanganyika was an independent sovereign state and a constitutional monarchy. She was also the monarch of other sovereign states,including the United Kingdom. Her constitutional roles in Tanganyika were mostly delegated to the governor-general of Tanganyika.
Amir Habib Jamal was a Tanzanian politician and diplomat who served as a Minister under various portfolios in the Julius Nyerere administration. He represented the parliamentary constituency of Morogoro from 1960 to 1985,and was Tanzania's longest-serving Finance Minister and led the ministry for about 12 years.
John Mwakangale was one of the main leaders in the struggle for independence in Tanganyika during British colonial rule. When the country gained independence,Mwakangale joined the first cabinet of Julius Nyerere,the first President of Tanzania as Minister of Labour. Mwakangale is also regarded as a Pan-Africanist and a staunch African nationalist. He was also the first leader whom Nelson Mandela met in 1962 when he escaped from prison seeking assistance from other African leaders. Mandela gave a detailed account about that encounter in his book Long Walk to Freedom.
Tanzania–United Kingdom relations are bilateral relations between Tanzania and the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom has historically been a partner of Tanzania in many areas,particularly trade and security.
Mainland Tanzania refers to the part of Tanzania on the continent of Africa;excluding the islands of Zanzibar. It corresponds with the area of the former country of Tanganyika.
Lucy Lameck was a Tanzanian politician,who was the first woman to hold a Ministerial post in the government. Born to a farming family,she trained as a nurse before becoming involved in politics and attending Ruskin College,Oxford,through a scholarship. She first entered the Tanganyika National Assembly in 1960,before being elected to the Tanzania National Assembly in 1965. With the exception of 1975 to 1980,she continued to hold a seat there until her death in 1993. She is seen as a role model,having worked throughout her life to improve conditions within the country for women.
Augustine Saidi,or Augustino B. Saidi,was a Tanzanian lawyer who was the first African Chief Justice of Tanzania.
East Germany–Zanzibar relations concerned historical foreign and bilateral relations between the German Democratic Republic and the People's Republic of Zanzibar,both of which are now former states. During the short existence of Zanzibar as an independent state,which emerged in the wake of the 1964 Zanzibar Revolution,East Germany was a key ally of the fledgling island state. East Germany initiated a number of assistance programs to Zanzibar,and established its first embassy in Africa on Zanzibar. Once Zanzibar entered into a union with Tanganyika,the issue of relations with East Germany became politically complex.
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