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In 1187, in preparation for the crusade, a list of feudal military obligations was drawn up for the use of agents of William II of Sicily. The bishop of Forcono, whose name was Berardus, owed three soldiers for his various fiefs.[6]
Bishop Berardus of Forcona was consecrated on 23 May 1252, by Cardinal Raynaldus dei Conti, who became Pope Alexander IV on 12 December 1254.[7] His diocese was having administrative problems.
Creation of city and diocese
On 6 May 1253, the population of Amiterno and Forcona petitioned the royal councillor Tfommaso da Marerio, to use his influence to have the construction of the new city of Aquilae to be undertaken.[8] In May 1254, Conrad IV, the son of Frederick II, replied with a diploma authorizing the construction, and the destruction of all the castles and fortifications inside the boundaries of the city; free immigration to the new city was granted, so long as people indemnified their former feudal lords.[9] He was frank about his motives. The creation of the city would disconcert the barons of the valley of Aquila who were neglectful of their feudal duties; it would intimidate the rebellious vassals of the Kingdom of Sicily; it would strengthen his northern border against his enemies, one of whom was the pope, who had excommunicated him and was refusing his offers for a peace.
Pope Alexander had obtained information from letters of Pope Innocent IV and of papal legates that the Chapter of the cathedral of Forcona was violation of canon law. On 15 March 1255, therefore, he wrote to the Archpriest Master Angelo, who was a papal chaplain, and the Chapter, pointing out that the number of canons exceeded the canonical upper limit. Some canons, appointed by special mandate of the Holy See, should only be admitted to the privileges of the canonicate when an existing canon resigned or died. Moreover, the appointees must be in Holy Orders.[10]
On 22 December 1256, Pope Alexander IV wrote to the podestà, council, and commune of L'Aquila, who were requesting that, since the towns of Forcona and Amiternum were almost completely deserted, to the advantage of L'Aquila, and since the people of L'Aquila had recently completely rebuilt the church of Ss. Maximus and George, it be made a cathedral by papal authority. Pope Alexander agreed to their request, after consultation with his advisors, and with the concurrence of Bishop Berardus and the Archpriest and canons of the (former) cathedral of Forcona, and transferred the seat of the bishops of Forcona to the cathedral of Ss. Maximus and George in L'Aquila.[11] The same papal bull was reissued on 20 February 1257, with the addition of language delimiting the boundaries of the diocese.[12]
In 1259, the city of Aquila was destroyed by the forces of Manfred, King of Sicily, and the people and their bishop retreated to Focaro.[13]Pope Clement IV (1265–1268) was not eager to see the city rebuilt, a city so associated with the determination of the Hohenstaufen to control the papacy. He therefore supported the local barons, and wrote, probably in 1265,[14] to the new King of Sicily, Charles of Anjou, that the barons were crying out for help against the reemergence of Aquila, and urging the king to take their side.[15] Charles I, however, saw the same advantages as Conrad IV as King of Sicily, and he therefore promoted the reestablishment of Aquila. He was even called the "Reformator".[16] His actions were made easier by the defeat and death of Manfred at the Battle of Benevento on 26 February 1266. Pope Clement gave in, and appointed a new bishop for Aquila on 31 December 1267.
After Pope Nicholas IV died on 6 April 1292, it was twenty-seven months before the eleven cardinals were able to assemble and agree upon his successor. On 5 July 1294, at Perugia, they elected the 85-year-old Pietro del Murrone, a former Benedictine monk, who had established his own religious order, which came to be called the Celestines. He was not a cardinal, and had recently been living as a recluse in the mountains to the east of Aquila.[17] He enjoyed the patronage and protection of Charles II of Sicily, and was unwilling to go to Perugia, or even to enter the Papal States.
Pietro came to Aquila on 28 July 1194. He was crowned on 29 August 1294, at the church of Santa Maria di Collemaggio, which had been built and was administered by his followers.[18]
On 18 September 1294, still residing at Aquila, Pope Celestine appointed twelve new cardinals.[19] These included two natives of Aquila: Tommaso d'Ocra de Apruntio, a member of the pope's own religious order, Cardinal Priest of Santa Cecilia in Trastevere (who died in 1300); and Pietro d'Aquila, O.S.B., the bishop-elect of Valva-Sulmona, who became the Cardinal Priest of Santa Croce in Gerusalemme (who died in 1298).[20]
Celestine V finally departed Aquila on 6 October, heading for the monastery of Santo Spirito near Sulmona. He took up residence in Naples on 13 November 1294.[21]
14th century
In 1363, a pestilence struck the county and city of Aquila, resulting in the death of 10,000 persons, according to Niccolò di Borbona.[22]
In 1378, a contested papal election in Rome in April and in Anagni in September, produced two popes, Urban VI and Clement VII. Queen Joanna I of Naples supported Pope Clement. Bishop Giovanni Zacchei (1377–1381) of Aquila chose to support Clement VII, and ordered public festivals to celebrate his accession.[23] Around 20 November, on the orders of Urban VI, Ciccantonio di Pretatto entered Aquila in the middle of the night, with armed troops and c. 500 cavalry, and engaged in violent confrontation with the citizens in the piazza of the merchants. Urban's stated motive was "to fortify the Kingdom".[24] THe death of Queen Joanna in May 1382 changed the situation. The death of Urban VI in 1389 more radically affected the situation.
Reorganization
Following the Second Vatican Council, and in accordance with the norms laid out in the council's decree, Christus Dominus chapter 40,[25] Pope Paul VI ordered a reorganization of the ecclesiastical provinces in southern Italy. On 15 August 1972, a new ecclesiastical province was created, with L'Aquila, which had previously been directly subject to the Holy See, as the new metropolitan archbishopric. The diocese of the Marsi (later renamed Avezzano) and the diocese of Valva e Sulmona were appointed suffragans.[26]
Earthquake
In the earthquake of 3 December 1315,[27] the cathedral of Aquila was destroyed. Bishop Filippo Delci (1312–1327) is credited with rebuilding it from the ground up.[28]
The third large earthquake of 1703, which struck on 2 February, damaged the entire city of Aquila, especially the castle, the Palazzo Publico, the cathedral, and the church of S. Bernardino, and resulted in more than 2,500 casualties.[29] The 1915 Avezzano earthquake destroyed 96% of the city of Avezzano and severely damaged much of the province of Aquila; there were estimated to be 30,000 deaths directly caused by the tremors.
The city and diocese of L'Aquila suffered a devastating earthquake in 2009.[30] The dome of the Cathedral collapsed.[31] The dome, triumphal arch, and transept of the church of Santa Maria di Collemaggio collapsed, and the remains of Pope Celestine V were thrown from their tomb.[32]
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↑ The original name of the city was "Aquila." It was renamed "L'Aquila" by the Fascist government of Italy in 1939 for propaganda reasons. Jan-Jonathan Bock (2022), Citizens Without a City: Destruction and Despair After the L'Aquila Earthquake, (Indiana University Press, 2022), p. 10.
↑ Acta Apostolicae Sedis 39 (Città del Vaticano 1947), pp. 390-391.
↑ Luigi Serra, Aquila monumentale,(in Italian), (Aquila: Unione arti grafiche, 1912), p. 14.
↑ Muratori VI, p. 510: "Berardus Episcopus Forconensis dixit, quod tenet de Domino Rege Civitatem S. Maximi in Forcone, quæ, sicut dixit, eft feudum I. militis, & Castellum Roga, quod eft feudum I. mil., & Casale S. Maximi, quod eft feudum I. mil. Una sunt feuda militum III. & cum augm. obtulit mil . VI. & servientes XII."
↑ Ughelli I, p. 379. Signorini, p. 132, indicates that he was elected by the Chapter of the cathedral and by the clergy. Pope Innocent IV, his metropolitan, who was living in exile in Perugia, would have confirmed the election, and authorized the consecration.
↑ G.M. Monti (2006), "La fondazione di Aquila, ed il relativo diploma," in: Maria Rita Berardi (ed.), Civiltà medioevale negli Abruzzi. Le testimonianze (L'Aquila 1992), pp. 265-286. A. Casalboni (2014), "La fondazione...," p. 67. The full Latin text and an Italian translation has been published by Beatrice Sabatini (2017), Locus qui dicitur Aquila Lulu.com, Nov 29, 2017, pp. 82-100. [self-published source]
↑ Muratori, Antiquitates Italicae Vol. 6, p. 500. Signorini, pp. 132-133.
↑ Casalboni (2014), "La fondazione...," pp. 68-70; 71: "Il primo vescovo aquilano, Berardo da Padula, trasferitosi insieme alla diocesi nel 1257, torna a Forcona, dove sarà seppellito nel 1264." "Aquila (city)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol.2 (11thed.). 1910. p.249.
↑ Carlo Franchi (1764), Risposta alla scrittura da un giovane autore formata per li castelli dell'abolito contado della città dell'Aquila in difesa della medesima fedelissima città,(in Italian), (Naples 1764), p. lxxxiii.
↑ Muratori, Antiquitates Italicae Vol 6, p. 524: "Clamat multitudo nobilium de imminentis oppressionis incursu, eo gravius stupida, quo dudum majora ipsius gravamina non est experta: Thronum tuae gratiae supplici ter adeunt: Ad auxilium misericordiæ tuæ recurrunt."
↑ The policy of Charles I is known from a diploma of Charles II of 28 September 1294 (Franchi, pp. cxxxii-cxxxvi). He refers to his father's policy (p. cxxxiv): "nec non quibuslibet aliis gratiis, beneficiis, largitionibus, et indultis in perpetuum gaudeat et fruatur, quae recol. mem. Princeps Carolus Dominus Pater noster Hierusalem et Siciliae Rex illustris civitatis praedictae denuus Reformator diffinivit, limitavit, concessit, attribuit et indulsit...."
↑ J.N.D. Kelly and M.J. Walsh (2010), Oxford Dictionary of Popes, second edition (Oxford University Press 2010), pp. 208-209.
↑ Peter Herde, "CELESTINO V, papa,"(in Italian), in: Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani Volume 23 (1979), § 20-22.
↑ Bernard Guidone, "Vita Coelestini Papae V," in: Ludovicus Antonius Muratori, Rerum Italicarum Scriptores Tomus Tertius (Milan 1723), pp. 669-670. Signorini II, p. 15 (with errors). Eubel I, pp. 11-12, nos. 3 and 5.
↑ August Potthast, Regesta Pontificum Romanorum Vol. II (Berlin: De Decker 1875), pp. 1919-1920.(
↑ Muratori, Antiquitates Italicae VI, p. 853: "3. Ne lu sopredito anno 1363. fo una grande mortalitate della epetigine quasi per tutto il pajese, ma veramente nella Citade de Aqui la fece inestimabile danno di multi nobili Citadini, e Mercatanti, e d'ogni altra condizio ne e piccirilli, e donne, e d'ogni etate, oltra al modo solito e per tutta la Citate, si lu Contado, era per lla gratia de Dio era assai pieno, e apopolato fece si fatto, e grande danno, tanto che se stimò morte persone decemila, vel circa."
↑ Niccolò di Borbona, in: Muratori, Antiquitates Italicae VI, p. 856: "E be se disse a petitione del dicto Papa Urbano VI. che li avia dato la dicta gente d'arme per fortificarese nel dicto rengnio."
↑ Christus Dominus 40. Therefore, in order to accomplish these aims this sacred synod decrees as follows: 1) The boundaries of ecclesiastical provinces are to be submitted to an early review and the rights and privileges of metropolitans are to be defined by new and suitable norms. 2) As a general rule all dioceses and other territorial divisions that are by law equivalent to dioceses should be attached to an ecclesiastical province. Therefore dioceses which are now directly subject to the Apostolic See and which are not united to any other are either to be brought together to form a new ecclesiastical province, if that be possible, or else attached to that province which is nearer or more convenient. They are to be made subject to the metropolitan jurisdiction of the bishop, in keeping with the norms of the common law. 3) Wherever advantageous, ecclesiastical provinces should be grouped into ecclesiastical regions for the structure of which juridical provision is to be made.
↑ Acta Apostolicae Sedis(in Latin) 64 (Città del Vaticano 1972), pp. 665-666: "novam condimus provinciam ecclesiasticam, quae coalescet Ecclesia ipsa Aquilana, dioecesibus Marsorum, Valvensi et Sulmonensi, prae oculis videlicet habita norma decreti Concilii Vaticani II «Christus Dominus», n. 40. Item Sacrum Aquilanum Antistitem dignitate Metropolitae perpetuo insignimus."
↑ Mario Baratta, I terremoti d'Italia (Torino Fratelli Bocca 1901), p. 45.
↑ Ughelli I, p. 388: "Hic novum Cathedrale templum a fundamentis perennitatem suae nominis Deique gloriam munificentissime erexit." Signorini II, p. 19.
↑ Mario Baratta, I terremoti d'Italia (Torino Fratelli Bocca 1901), p. 190: "Nella relazione ufficiale dell'Auditore Alfonso Uria de Llanos si dice che Aquila «fu tutta distrutta senza che vi sia restato edificio alcuno, con mortalità grande...» Infatti secondo tale relazione il numero delle vittime sarebbe asceso a 2500 ed a 200 quello dei feriti."
↑ Berardo became a bishop on 23 May 1252, and his seat was transferred to Aquila on 22 December 1256. The boundaries of the diocese were delimited on 20 February 1257. Signorini, p, 132. Eubel I, p. 98 with note 3.
↑ A member of the noble family of Aquila which owned the castle of Sinizzo, the Cistercian Niccolò had been abbot of the monastery of Ss. Vincenzo e Anastasio (at Tre Fontane). He had been secretary of popes Urban IV and Alexander IV. He was appointed bishop of Aquila by Pope Clement IV on 31 December 1267. He brought the Hermits of the Order of S. Augustine to Aquila. On 6 October 1287, he granted the followers of Peter da Morrone exemption from episcopal jurisdiction of their new oratory or church in honor of the Virgin Mary in the territory of the city of Aquila. In 1292, he allowed the Cistercians of Castelnuovo to build a monastery and the church of S. Maria Nuova. Signorini II, pp. 9-14. Eubel I, p. 98. Ernest Langlois, Registres de Nicolas IV," (Paris: Fontemoing 1905), Vol. I, Year 3, p. 615, no. 4217. Édouard Jordan, Les Registres de Clément IV fasc. 1 (Paris: Thorin 1894), p. 184, no. 548.
↑ The See of Aquila was apparently vacant when Pietro da Morrone was crowned pope at S. Maria Collemaggio in Aquila. Nicola was still alive on 9 May 1303, when he annexed the Provostship of San Eusanio to the episcopal treasury. Signorini II, pp. 14-16. Eubel I, p. 98.
↑ Bartolomeo was a native of Manoppello, a castle in the diocese of Chieti. He was elected by the Chapter and clergy of Aquila, and approved on 7 August 1303 by Pope Boniface VIII. He was already a priest, and was given the privilege by the pope of being consecrated at Aquila by any bishop he chose. He died at the Council of Vienne in May 1312. Signorini II, pp. 16-18. Georges Digard, Les registres de Boniface VIII Vol. 3, Year 9 (Paris: Fointemoing 1907), p. 807, nos. 5305 and 5306.
↑ Filippo was a native of Lucca. He was appointed bishop of Aquila by Pope Clement V at Avignon on 4 June 1312. He survived the earthquake of 1315, and rebuilt the ruined cathedral. He died in Lucca in 1327. Signorini II, pp. 19-20. Eubel I, p. 98 (typographically confused).
↑ While Bishop Filippo was still living, the pope reserved to himself the right to appoint the next bishop. Acciaioli, a member of the distinguished Florentine family of Acciaoli, was appointed bishop of Aquila on 8 June 1328, by Pope John XXII. On 26 June 1342, he was transferred by Pope Clement VI to the diocese of Florence. (1342–1355). G. Mollat, Jean XXII. Lettres communes, Tome VII (Paris: E. de Boccard 1919), p. 289, no. 41520. Signorini II, pp. 20-24. Eubel I, pp. 98, 250.
↑ On 31 October 1381, Pope Urban VI (Roman Obedience) ordered that Bishop Stephen, who was staying in Perugia, apparently engated in some litigation, to be arrested and sent to the Roman Curia. Eubel I, p. 98 with note 7.
↑ Bernardus was appointed to succeed Bishop Stefano, at the request of Otto of Brunswick. He travelled to Avignon to swear obedience to Clement VII, and was given a large sum of money to maintain his position in Aquila. On 28 August 1392, Bishop Bernardo was murdered by partisans of Urban VI. Signorini II, pp. 37-40.
↑ Ludovico Cichi Cola Teodenari had been a canon of the cathedral of Rieti. He was appointed bishop of Aquila by Pope Boniface IX on 20 August 1390. He was transferred to the diocese of Rieti on 4 September 1397. Signorini II, pp. 44-46. Eubel I, pp. 90, 416.
↑ Giacomo had been a doctor of laws, canon of the cathedral of Aquila, Vicar General of Bishop Berardo da Teramo, and archdeacon and Vicar General in Ascoli. Pope Clement responded favorably to the request of Queen Johanna and the people of Aquila, and appointed Giacomo bishop of Aquila on 31 August 1392. He published a set of constitutions, listing the cases which he was reserving for his own personal judgment, with the heading: "Sub anno Domini 1394, mense Martii, die octava ejusdem Mensis, tempore SS. in Christo Patris Clementis Divina Providentia Papae Septimi, Pontificatus ejus anno sextodecimo." He was arrested in 1395 and taken to Rome, where he had to appear before Pope Boniface IX (Roman Obedience), acknowledge his legitimacy, and suffer deposition. Boniface then made him a papal chaplain, Auditor of the Rota, and Master of the Sacred Palace. On 11 July 1400, Boniface IX reappointed him Bishop of Aquila. He died on 6 January 1431. Signorini II, pp. 40-41; 46-56. Eubel I, p. 99 with note 9.
↑ A native of Aquila, Agnifili was a canon of the cathedral of Aquila, and Archpriest of the church of S. Paolo di Cavoreto. He had studied at Bologna, and was a Doctor of Canon Law. In Rome he was a follower of Cardinal Domenico Capranica, who obtained for him the position of canon of S. Maria Maggiore. He was appointed bishop of Aquila on 4 May 1431, by Pope Eugenius IV, a month after his election. He was named a cardinal on 18 September 1467, by Pope Paul II, and assigned the titular church of Santa Balbina. He resigned in 1472, in favor of his nephew Francesco. He died on 28 October 1476, at the age of 83. Ughelli I, pp. 390-391. Signorini II, pp. 65-67. Eubel II, pp. 14, no. 4, with note 8; 91 with notes 1 and 2.
↑ Francesco Agnifili: Eubel II, p. 91 with note 3.
↑ Borgio (De Bursis): Signorini II, pp. 67-69. Eubel II, p. 91 with note 5.
↑ Gaglioffi: Signorini II, pp. 69-72. Eubel II, p. 91 with notes 6 and 7.
↑ Di Leone had been bishop of Caserta. Signorini II, pp. 73-74. Eubel II, p. 91.
↑ Suardo: Signorini II, pp. 74-75. Eubel II, p. 91, with note 8.
↑ Giovanni Dominici da Prato: Signorini II, pp. 75-76 (giving the dates 1504–1516). Eubel III, p. 113, with note 3.
↑ Franchi: Signorini II, pp. 76-79. Eubel III, p. 113, with note 4.
↑ Cardinal Piccolomini: Signorini II, pp. 79-80; 84-86. Eubel III, p. 113.
↑ Colonna was appointed Administrator by Pope Clement VII on 3 July 1525. He held the office until his death on 28 June 1532 in Naples. There is no evidence that he was ever consecrated a bishop. He was named Vice-Chancellor of Naples by the Emperor Charles V in July 1529, and Viceroy in 1530, an office he held until his death. Ughelli I, p. 392. Signorini II, pp. 80-83. Eubel III, p. 113.
↑ Piccolomini (second term): Signorini II, pp. 84-86. Eubel III, p. 113.
↑ Sancio: Signorini II, pp. 87-90. Eubel III, p. 113, with note 8.
↑ Della Quadra: Signorini II, pp. 90-92. Eubel III, p. 113, with note 9.
↑ D'Acugna: Signorini II, pp. 92-97. Eubel III, p. 113, with note 10.
↑ Racciaccaris died on 24 March 1592. Signorini II, pp. 98-101. Eubel III, p. 113, with note 12.
↑ Pignatelli: Signorini II, pp. 101-104. Eubel III, p. 113, with note 13. Gauchat, Hierarchia catholica IV, p. 90 with note 2.
↑ Giuseppe De Rubeis: Signorini II, pp. 104-107. Gauchat, Hierarchia catholica IV, p. 90 with note 3.
↑ De Rueda: Signorini II, pp. 107-116. Gauchat IV, p. 90 with note 4.
↑ Navazio was a native of Melfi, and a canon Penitentiary of the cathedral Chapter of Melfi. He was nominated by King Ferdinando II on 12 November 1844, and confirmed by Pope Gregory XVI on 27 January 1845. He was consecrated a bishop by Cardinal Costantino Patrizi. He died on 26 April 1852. Signorini II, pp. 172, 180-183.
Bibliography
Episcopal lists
Eubel, Conradus, ed. (1913). Hierarchia catholica (in Latin). Vol.I (seconded.). Münster: Libreria Regensbergiana.
Eubel, Conradus, ed. (1914). Hierarchia catholica (in Latin). Vol.II (seconded.). Münster: Libreria Regensbergiana.
Eubel, Conradus; Gulik, Guilelmus (1923). Hierarchia catholica (in Latin). Vol.III (seconded.). Münster: Libreria Regensbergiana.
Muratori, Lodovico Antonio (1742). Antiquitates Italicae Medii Aevi: sive dissertationes... omnia illustrantur, et confirmantur ingenti copia diplomatum et chartarum veterum, nunc primùm ex Archivis Italiae depromtarum, additis etiam nummis, chronicis, aliisque monumentis numquam antea editis. Volume 6. Milan: ex typographia Societatis Palatinae, 1742.
Murri, Filippo (1996). Monasteri, conventi, case e istituti religiosi dell'arcidiocesi aquilana.(in Italian). L'Aquila: Arcidiocesi 1996.
Murri, Filippo (1997). Vescovi ed arcivescovi dell'Aquila. (in Italian). L'Aquila 1997.
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