Roman Road of Agrippa (Saintes–Lyon)

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Road of Agrippa (Saintes–Lyon)
Stgenis agri2.JPG
Remains of a Roman road between Montignac-Charente and Saint-Cybardeaux (Charente).

The Roman road from Saintes to Lyon was part of one of the four main routes of the Agrippa road network, established from Lugdunum (modern-day Lyon), the capital of Roman Gaul. This network was developed beginning in 27 BCE under the direction of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, a general and son-in-law of Emperor Augustus.

Contents

This road, listed on the Tabula Peutingeriana, connected Lugdunum (modern-day Lyon) to Mediolanum Santonum (modern-day Saintes) via Augustonemetum (Clermont-Ferrand) and Augustoritum (Limoges).

In the 19th-century classification of Roman roads in France by Konrad Miller, the segment between Saintes and Limoges is designated as VR 27. [1]

History

The road was constructed in the 1st century CE under the direction of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa to establish a connection between Lugdunum (Lyon) and Mediolanum Santonum (Saintes). Lugdunum thus became a major hub at the intersection of four major Roman roads: Lyon–Boulogne, Lyon–Cologne, the Via Narbonensis (following the Rhône Valley), and Lyon–Saintes. [2]

From the 5th century onward, Roman roads generally fell into disrepair due to the decline of central administration. However, portions of this route remain visible today, with some sections incorporated into modern departmental roads, while others persist as rural paths running through agricultural and wooded areas. [3]

Locally, the route is sometimes referred to as the "Roman path" or "paved path." [4] [n 1]

Itinerary

Description of stages

This road axis extends predominantly in an east–west direction, often in a straight line, connecting Lyon, Feurs Forum Segusiavorum|, and Limoges. It is considered plausible that the route partially or entirely followed a preexisting Gallic path, which was subsequently modernized during the reign of Emperor Augustus. [7]

From Limoges, the Agrippa road crossed the Vienne River at Aixe-sur-Vienne. The precise route of this segment remains uncertain. It likely ran slightly south of Cognac-la-Forêt and in proximity to Rochechouart. While remnants are visible in Saint-Auvent, they are believed to belong to a later secondary Gallo-Roman road, part of the viae vicinales network, which served as a system of local routes connected to the main Roman roadways. [8]

Chassenon thermal baths. Chassenon1.2.JPG
Chassenon thermal baths.

The via Agrippa enters the current department of Charente at the commune of Chassenon, corresponding to the ancient site of Cassinomagus . Between the 1st and 4th centuries, this location developed into a Gallo-Roman complex. The road approached the settlement from the south. [7]

Located on a plateau bordered by the Vienne River, Cassinomagus —identified on the Tabula Peutingeriana [9] —was a secondary urban center within the territory of the Lemovices. The site is notable for its thermal baths and its geological setting within the Rochechouart–Chassenon astrobleme, a 20 km-wide asteroid impact structure that provided a distinctive green breccia used in local construction. [10]

The via Agrippa crosses the Graine River at the site of the former mill of La Soutière and continues northeast of Saint-Quentin-sur-Charente, through an area historically known in the 19th century as lous chiamps roumis. [11] Situated on a ridge marking the watershed between the Loire and Charente river basins, the route intersects with another ancient north–south road, known as the chemin ferré, which connected Périgueux and Poitiers via Nontron, Videix, La Péruse, and Charroux. [12] The cadastral parcel at this junction, located in the commune of Suris, is still referred to as Les Chaussades. [13]

Near Saint-Quentin-sur-Charente, a branch diverges from the main route, forming a secondary connection between Limoges and Angoulême. This secondary road, also known as the Chemin des Anglais (Charente), continues southwest through Mouzon, L'Arbre, Saint-Sornin, Vilhonneur, Pranzac, and Le Quéroy, before entering Angoulême at La Bussatte. [14]

Near Mazières, the earlier route indicated on the Tabula Peutingeriana diverged toward Aulnay-de-Saintonge, the ancient settlement of Aunedonnacum. [15] As the via Agrippa descends from the clay hills of the Limousin Charente region and enters the limestone zone near Les Frauds, between Taponnat and Chasseneuil-sur-Bonnieure, the road becomes more visible. In this section, characterized by long, straight alignments, the route corresponds to a new segment laid out by the Romans in the direction of Saintes. [7]

Crossroads at the Needle. Coulgens aiguille.JPG
Crossroads at the Needle.
The entrance is on the road to Villejoubert. Villejoubert agrippa.JPG
The entrance is on the road to Villejoubert.

West of Coulgens, at the site known as L'Aiguille, the road intersects a secondary route connecting Angoulême and Bourges, which passed through Brigueuil, Bellac, Argenton, and Issoudun. [16]

The road continues north of Tourriers, passes through Villejoubert, and crosses the Charente River at Montignac. Near Saint-Amant-de-Boixe, it intersects with another Roman road running from Périgueux to Poitiers—originating from Bouëx and La Simarde and heading toward Mansle, Ruffec, and Rom—locally referred to as La Chaussée, chemin de Sers, [11] or laChaussada. [17]

The next station, Germanicomagus (noted as "Sermanicomagus" on some cartographic sources [18] [19] ), was an important stop mentioned on the Tabula Peutingeriana. [20] The site includes the Gallo-Roman theatre of Les Bouchauds, as well as a sanctuary with at least two temples, remains of an aqueduct, and a group of dwellings that have yet to be excavated. [21] At this location, the Roman road intersected with a route originating from Iculisma (modern Angoulême, to the southeast), which likely extended toward Aunedonnacum, now Aulnay-de-Saintonge, approximately 40 km to the northwest. [22]

Road between Sainte-Severe and Cherves-Richemont, and the D 55 which branches off to the right. VoieRomaine1.JPG
Road between Sainte-Sévère and Cherves-Richemont, and the D 55 which branches off to the right.

The road continues through Saint-Cybardeaux and Plaizac, where the toponym Bois de la Grande Borne reflects the area's historical significance. [n 2]

At Herpes, it intersects with a paved north-south route in a region known for Frankish settlements, including nearby Rulle and Macqueville, where approximately 1,800 Frankish tombs were discovered in 1886 along this road. [23]

Following a generally straight course toward Saint-Sauvant in Charente-Maritime, the road is intermittently overlaid by departmental roads or remains as a rural path, locally known as the chemin des Romains. It passes through Sainte-Sévère, near the remains of a fortified camp—once believed to be Roman—located about 150 meters south of the road [24] and north of the village of Cherves. The road also crosses the Antenne River at the Saint-Sulpice bridge. [25]

The road continues along the right bank in Charente-Maritime through Saint-Sauvant and leads to Saintes, the ancient Mediolanum Santonum . It passes opposite the Arch of Germanicus, which marked the entrance to the bridge over the Charente River, with the Gallo-Roman city located on the opposite bank. [26]

Numerous Roman villae were established along the road; [n 3] [21] for example, Rouillac is believed to derive its name from a landowner named Rullus who built a villa near the road, while Chérac and Sonneville are similarly linked to Gallo-Roman owners, including one named Carius. [27]

Toponyms incorporating Germanic names indicate Frankish settlements dating to the 6th century, such as Macqueville (from Macco), Anville (from Emmo), and Bréville (from Bradher). The presence of Christianized Franks in the area is evidenced by a 6th-century baptistery located in the church of Herpes, near Courbillac. [28]

Milestones

Pierre du Marteau on the Via Agrippa (Donzeil, Creuse). LapierreduMarteau.jpg
Pierre du Marteau on the Via Agrippa (Donzeil, Creuse).

Milestones have reportedly been found near the boundary between the communes of Cherves-Richemont and Saint-Sulpice-de-Cognac in Charente, as well as in Saint-Sulpice near the border with Charente-Maritime at a site known as "Chez Rateau." [29] In the 19th century, Abbé Michon documented a milestone located at the bottom of a ditch east of the Solençon pond, on the border between Cherves-Richemont and Sainte-Sévère. [11] This milestone was described as a cylindrical shaft with a square base.

The milestones were numbered using Gallic leagues, as was common throughout Aquitaine, with each league measuring approximately 2.44 km or 2.22 km if Romanized. This system differs from other provinces of the Roman Empire, where distances were typically measured in Roman miles of about 1.48 km. [18] [30] [31]

Peutinger map

The Peutinger Table indicates that the Limoges–Saintes route passed through Aunedonnacum, present-day Aulnay-de-Saintonge. [26] This route corresponds to an earlier Roman road predating the direct connection established by Agrippa between Lugdunum and Mediolanum Santonum via Germanicomagus. This older Gallic road branched off from the Agrippa route east of Chasseneuil and likely passed through Chasseneuil-sur-Bonnieure, Mansle, and Charmé. [6]

PeutingerSermanicomagus.gif

On the map, one can read:

Mediolano Santon.____Avedonaco____Sermanicomago__XIII__Cassinomago__XVII__Ausrito

That is: unknown distance between Mediolanum Santonum (Saintes) and Avedonacum (Aulnay), unknown distance between Avedonacum and Sermanicomagus, 13 leagues from Sermanicomagus to Cassinomagus (Chassenon), 17 leagues from Cassinomagus to Augustoritum (Limoges), which allows a rough localization of these stages despite errors, as according to Jacques Dassié it should read: [18]

Mediolano Santon.__XVI__Avedonaco__XVII__Sermanicomago__XXII__Cassinomago__XVII__Ausrito, with 1 league = 2.44 km. [18]

The station of Sermanicomagus (or Germanicomagus, if this was a copyist's error [18] ) is thought to be located on the section between Chassenon and Aulnay. [n 4] Jacques Dassié identifies it at La Terne, [18] while Abbé Michon places it at Charmé. [15] Consequently, the theater of Les Bouchauds (in Saint-Cybardeaux) is unlikely to be Sermanicomagus. This Gallo-Roman settlement, probably more recent and contemporary with Iculisma (modern Angoulême), likely developed as a crossroads at the intersection of a road from Iculisma and the Agrippa road, but it has not been definitively identified. [32]

Distances indicated in the Peutinger Table, as well as on milestones in the region, are expressed in Gallo-Roman leagues, as throughout Aquitaine, rather than in Roman miles. [30]

Ancient variant via Aulnay

In 1840, Abbé Michon identified a road [15] branching from the Agrippa route at Mazières, of which few traces remain. Locally known as the "Roman road" in the communes of Lussac and Chasseneuil, remnants such as paving and villae have been found, particularly at La Terne (Luxé) and Charmé, where the settlement of Sermanicomagus may have been located. [33]

According to the Peutinger Map, this road would connect at Aunedonnacum (modern Aulnay) with a route from Limonum (Poitiers) and continue toward Mediolanum Santonum (Saintes). [34]

However, A.-F. Lièvre considered this variant to be entirely hypothetical, at least between La Terne and Aulnay. [17]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The locality of Le Chausset, situated at the southern boundary of the road in the commune of Saint-Sulpice-de-Cognac, is toponymically related to the route.
  2. ↑ This area lies approximately 39.6 km from Saintes, corresponding possibly to milestone 16 or 17 if distances were measured in leagues from Saintes.
  3. ↑ Roman villae were located on both sides of the road, between 300 meters and 1 kilometer. These settlements later developed into villages during the Middle Ages, with the Roman road frequently serving as a boundary between communes.
  4. ↑ The route's passage through Avedonacum, as shown on the elongated Peutinger map, may represent a graphical simplification, since it creates a significant detour between Limoges and Saintes.

References

  1. ↑ "VR 27" (in French). 2005. Archived from the original on March 7, 2015.
  2. 1 2 Goudineau, Christian (2007). Regard sur la Gaule[A look at Gaul] (in French). Babel. ISBN   978-2742769247.
  3. ↑ Duval, Paul (1989). "Habitat urbain en Gaule indépendante et en Gaule romaine" [Urban habitat in independent Gaul and Roman Gaul]. Travaux sur la Gaule (1946-1986) Rome : École Française de Rome (in French): 891–900. Retrieved May 21, 2025.
  4. ↑ Gendron, Stéphane (2006). La toponymie des voies romaines et médiévales : les mots des routes anciennes[The toponymy of Roman and medieval roads: words from ancient roads] (in French). Paris: Errance. ISBN   2-87772-332-1.
  5. ↑ "Les voies romaines" [Roman roads]. Leg8 (in French). 25 March 2015. Retrieved May 21, 2025.
  6. 1 2 Marion, Yolande; Tassaux, Francis; Tardy, Dominique; Tronche, Pierre; Thierry, François; Dassié, Jacques (1992). "Le sanctuaire gallo-romain des Bouchauds (Charente)" [The Gallo-Roman sanctuary of Les Bouchauds (Charente)]. Aquitania : Une revue inter-régionale d'archéologie (in French). 10: 145–194. doi:10.3406/aquit.1992.1103 . Retrieved May 21, 2025.
  7. 1 2 3 Grenier, A (1936). "Les voies romaines en Gaule" [Roman roads in Gaul]. Mélanges d'archéologie et d'histoire (in French). 53: 5–24. doi:10.3406/mefr.1936.7267 . Retrieved May 21, 2025.
  8. ↑ Perrin, Jean Régis. "La voie d'Agrippa restituée, du Queyroix à la Pouge-Périgord" [The restored Agrippa Way, from Queyroix to Pouge-Périgord]. archeologieaerienne-marchelimousin.fr (in French). Archived from the original on May 16, 2020.
  9. ↑ Matisen, Ralph. "Cassinomagus (mutatio)" (in French). Archived from the original on March 30, 2001.
  10. ↑ Sapers, Haley; Osinski, Gordon; Banerjee, Neil; Ferrière, Ludovic; Lambert, Philippe; Izawa, Matthew (2014). "Revisiting the Rochechouart impact structure, France". Meteoritics & Planetary Science. 49 (12): 2152–2168. Bibcode:2014M&PS...49.2152S. doi:10.1111/maps.12381 . Retrieved May 21, 2025.
  11. 1 2 3 Michon 1844 , p. 159
  12. ↑ Michon 1844 , p. 165
  13. ↑ "CAD - Descriptif, usage et diffusion de la documentation cadastrale - Documentation cadastrale" [CAD - Description, use, and distribution of cadastral documentation - Cadastral documentation]. Bulletin Officiel des Finances Publiques (in French). November 5, 2019. Retrieved May 21, 2025.
  14. ↑ Michon 1844 , p. 165: Voie No. 2
  15. 1 2 3 Michon 1844 , p. 160
  16. ↑ Michon 1844 , p. 166
  17. 1 2 Lièvre, Auguste-François (1893). Les chemins gaulois et romains entre la Loire et la Gironde [The Gallic and Roman roads between the Loire and the Gironde] (in French) (2nd ed.). Niort: L. Clouzot. Retrieved May 20, 2025.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Dassié, Jacques (1998). "METRIQUE DES VOIES ANTIQUES" [METRIC OF ANCIENT ROADS]. archaero.com (in French). Archived from the original on January 3, 2013.
  19. ↑ Dassié, Jacques (1992). Aquitania (PDF) (in French). 10: Fédération Aquitania. pp. 168–170. Retrieved May 21, 2025.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  20. ↑ Matisen, Ralph. "Sermanicomagus". Archived from the original on June 30, 2001.
  21. 1 2 "Saint-Cybardeaux (16170)". Via Antiqua. Retrieved May 21, 2025.
  22. ↑ Besnier, Maurice (1932). "Notes sur les routes de la Gaule romaine" [Notes on the roads of Roman Gaul]. Revue des Études Anciennes (in French). 34 (1): 26–36. doi:10.3406/rea.1932.2630 . Retrieved May 21, 2025.
  23. ↑ "Delamain" [Delamain]. Revue de la société d'archéologie et d'histoire de la Charente (in French). 1890.
  24. ↑ Vernou, Christian (1993). La Charente[The Charente]. Carte archéologique de la Gaule (in French). Paris: Maison des Sciences de l'Homme. p. 138. ISBN   2-87754-025-1.
  25. ↑ Talbert, Richard (2000). Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World. Ancient World. ISBN   9780691031699.
  26. 1 2 Talbert, Richard (2000). Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World. Princeton University Press. ISBN   9780691031699.
  27. ↑ Nègre, Ernest (1991). Toponymie générale de la France [General toponymy of France] (in French). Vol. 2: Formations non-romanes, Genève. Geneva: Droz. ISBN   978-2-600-00133-5 . Retrieved May 21, 2025.
  28. ↑ Colin, Marie-Geneviève (2008). "Christianisation et peuplement des campagnes entre Garonne et Pyrénées, IVe-Xe siècles" [Christianization and settlement of the countryside between the Garonne and the Pyrenees, 4th-10th centuries]. Archéologie du Midi médiéval (in French). 5 (5): 1–307. doi:10.3406/amime.2008.1783 . Retrieved May 21, 2025.
  29. ↑ Maurin, Louis (1999). Carte archéologique de la Gaule [Archaeological map of Gaul] (in French). Paris: Les éditions de la MSH. p. 138. ISBN   2-87754-061-8 . Retrieved May 21, 2025.
  30. 1 2 Dassié, Jacques (1998). "Valeur du mille en Aquitaine" [Value of a mile in Aquitaine]. Archived from the original on June 15, 2013. [fr]
  31. ↑ Goudineau, Christian (2005). "La lieue gauloise" [The Gallic league](PDF). Collège de France, Antiquités nationales (in French). Retrieved May 21, 2025.
  32. ↑ Baigl, Jean-Philippe; Camus, Adrien; Dayrens, Olivier; Lebaron, Vincent; Letuppe, Jonathan; Mathé, Vivien (2020). "Le port antique de Saintes/Mediolanum (Charente-Maritime)" [The ancient port of Saintes/Mediolanum (Charente-Maritime)]. Gallia (in French). 77 (1): 419–431. doi:10.4000/gallia.5358 . Retrieved May 21, 2025.
  33. ↑ Deshoulières, François (1923). "Les voies romaines et mérovingiennes dans le département de la Charente" [Roman and Merovingian roads in the Charente department]. Bulletin Monumental (in French). 82: 205–206. Retrieved May 21, 2025.
  34. ↑ "The Peutinger Table: A unique testimony to the Roman Empire". Votre Carte Ancienne. January 7, 2025. Retrieved May 21, 2025.

Bibliography

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