| Rosalindidae | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Cnidaria |
| Class: | Hydrozoa |
| Order: | Anthoathecata |
| Family: | Rosalindidae |
Rosalindidae is a family of cnidarians belonging to the order Anthoathecata. [1]
| Rosalindidae | |
|---|---|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Cnidaria |
| Class: | Hydrozoa |
| Order: | Anthoathecata |
| Family: | Rosalindidae |
Rosalindidae is a family of cnidarians belonging to the order Anthoathecata. [1]
Rosalindidae are hydrozoans that are characterized by their ability to form colonies of polyps and attach to various surfaces, such as seaweed and shells, in the ocean. Rosalindidae are classified as invertebrates. They are considered epibionts, which rely on other invertebrates to live and develop. [2] Although hydroids like Rosalindidae typically live on hard substrates and among coral rubble, as well as colonize scleractinia, researchers have found Rosalindidae growing on larger animal hosts such as Cladocarpus paradiseus hydroids. [3] Rosalindidae form monomorphic colonies (monomorphism) in contrast to the polymorphic colonies (polymorphism) that characterize other hydrozoan families. [4]
Rosalindidae make up the order Anthoathecata - a hydroid group generally known for its fragility due to the lack of a perisarc to protect its gonophores and hydranths. [3] However, colonies of polyps that fall under the genus Rosalinda possess a perisarcal skeleton composed of hydranths with several tentacles covering the body. [2] Rosalinda was also reported having cnidocytes composed of stenoteles and mastigophores. [2]
Rosalindidae are globally distributed. They have been reported in the Northeast and Northwest Atlantic Ocean, the Central Eastern Atlantic off the African coast, the Northwestern Pacific Ocean, the Bass Strait off Australia, the Western Mediterranean Sea, and the Gulf of Mexico. [5]
Between 2001-2005, many species of the family Rosalindidae were discovered off the Southeastern U.S. coast, near the east coasts of North Carolina and Florida. Rosalindidae were spotted growing in deep-coral ecosystems in these oceanic areas, ranging from the deep-neritic to bathyal zones. [6] One species, Rosalinda incrustans, inhabited the northern Gulf of Mexico, [6] but this same species was also found growing in the Northeastern Atlantic and Western Mediterranean Sea. [5] Another Rosalinda colony was discovered attached to a different hydroid colony - Cladocarpus paradiseus - on the Jacksonville lithoherms at 595 m deep. [6] This is the first time that researchers have observed this phenomenon.
Other species of the Genus Rosalinda were discovered in the Bay of Biscay at approximately 440 m deep. Rosalinda williami was spotted in the Northeastern Atlantic. Rosalinda marlina was reported in shallow waters near Australia. Species of the Genus Rosalinda have also been found in the Northwestern Pacific Ocean. Rosalinda naumovi was identified in the shallower waters of the Northwestern Pacific while another unidentified species was discovered in Sagami Bay, Japan. [5]
One research expedition discovered Rosalindidae species among coral mounds near the West African coast. These species were found growing on bivalves (Bivalvia). Near Northern Angola, Rosalindanowaldi colonized the bivalve Acesta angolensis. Off the coast of Mauritania, Rosalinda lundalvi inhabited the bivalve Acesta excavata. [5]
Rosalindidae species that have been discovered thus far release planula larvae. However, further research needs to be conducted to determine whether Rosalindidae exhibit a medusa, or adult stage, of life. Rosalindidae are generally known to be sexually reproductive. [7]
Rosalindidae are part of a larger group of hydrozoans, which consume phytoplankton, zooplankton, and tiny suspended particles using their tentacles. [8] Little is known about the specific diet of Rosalindidae.
Much of the research on Rosalindidae focuses on their polyp form. In this stage, these hydrozoans are sedentary, relying on other hard substrates and hydrozoans to attach and assemble themselves. [8] One Rosalindidae species, Rosalinda incrustans, was found colonizing a spider crab (Anamathia rissoana). [9]
Cnidaria is a phylum under kingdom Animalia containing over 11,000 species of aquatic animals found both in freshwater and marine environments, predominantly the latter.
Hydrozoa is a taxonomic class of individually very small, predatory animals, some solitary and some colonial, most of which inhabit saline water. The colonies of the colonial species can be large, and in some cases the specialized individual animals cannot survive outside the colony. A few genera within this class live in freshwater habitats. Hydrozoans are related to jellyfish and corals and belong to the phylum Cnidaria.
Obelia is a genus of hydrozoans, a class of mainly marine and some freshwater animal species that have both polyp and medusa stages in their life cycle. Hydrozoa belongs to the phylum Cnidaria, which are aquatic organisms that are relatively simple in structure with a diameter around 1mm. There are currently 120 known species, with more to be discovered. These species are grouped into three broad categories: O. bidentata, O. dichotoma, and O. geniculata. O. longissima was later accepted as a legitimate species, but taxonomy regarding the entire genus is debated over.
Siphonophorae is an order within Hydrozoa, which is a class of marine organisms within the phylum Cnidaria. According to the World Register of Marine Species, the order contains 175 species thus far.
Velella is a monospecific genus of hydrozoa in the Porpitidae family. Its only known species is Velella velella, a cosmopolitan free-floating hydrozoan that lives on the surface of the open ocean. It is commonly known by the names sea raft, by-the-wind sailor, purple sail, little sail, or simply Velella.
The air fern is a species of marine animal in the family Sertulariidae. It is also known as the sea fir and Neptune plant.
Turritopsis dohrnii, also known as the immortal jellyfish, is a species of small, biologically immortal jellyfish found worldwide in temperate to tropic waters. It is one of the few known cases of animals capable of reverting completely to a sexually immature, colonial stage after having reached sexual maturity as a solitary individual. Others include the jellyfish Laodicea undulata and species of the genus Aurelia.
Anthoathecata, or the athecate hydroids, are an order of hydrozoans belonging to the phylum Cnidaria. A profusion of alternate scientific names exists for this long-known, heavily discussed, and spectacular group. It has also been called Gymnoblastea and, Anthomedusa,Athecata, Hydromedusa, and Stylasterina. There are about 1,200 species worldwide.
Hydroidolina is a subclass of Hydrozoa and makes up 90% of the class. Controversy surrounds who the sister groups of Hydroidolina are, but research has shown that three orders remain consistent as direct relatives: Siphonophorae, Anthoathecata, and Leptothecata.
Leptothecata, or thecate hydroids, are an order of hydrozoans in the phylum Cnidaria. Their closest living relatives are the athecate hydroids, which are similar enough to have always been considered closely related, and the very apomorphic Siphonophorae, which were placed outside the "Hydroida". Given that there are no firm rules for synonymy for high-ranked taxa, alternative names like Leptomedusa, Thecaphora or Thecata, with or without the ending emended to "-ae", are also often used for Leptothecata.
Porpita porpita, or the blue button, is a marine organism consisting of a colony of hydroids found in the warmer, tropical and sub-tropical waters of the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian oceans, as well as the Mediterranean Sea and eastern Arabian Sea. It was first identified by Carl Linnaeus in 1758, under the basionym Medusa porpita. In addition, it is one of the two genera under the suborder Chondrophora, which is a group of cnidarians that also includes Velella. The chondrophores are similar to the better-known siphonophores, which includes the Portuguese man o' war, or Physalia physalis. Although it is superficially similar to a jellyfish, each apparent individual is actually a colony of hydrozoan polyps. The taxonomic class, Hydrozoa, falls under the phylum Cnidaria, which includes anemones, corals, and jellyfish, which explains their similar appearances.
Bougainvillia aberrans is a marine invertebrate, a species of hydroid in the suborder Anthomedusae. It was first described by Dale Calder in 1993. They have four radical clusters of marginal tentacles. Bougainvillia aberrans is found in Bermuda in the western North Atlantic Ocean.
Eudendrium ramosum, sometimes known as the tree hydroid, is a marine species of cnidaria, a hydroid (Hydrozoa) in the family Eudendriidae of the order Anthoathecata.
Solanderia is the sole genus of hydrozoans in the monotypic family Solanderiidae. They are commonly known as tree hydroids or sea fan hydroids.
Turritopsis nutricula is a small hydrozoan that once reaching adulthood, can transfer its cells back to childhood. This adaptive trait likely evolved in order to extend the life of the individual. Several different species of the genus Turritopsis were formerly classified as T. nutricula, including the "immortal jellyfish" which is now classified as T. dohrnii.
Halecium halecinum, commonly known as the herring-bone hydroid, is a species of hydrozoan in the family Haleciidae. It is native to the eastern Atlantic Ocean, the western Atlantic Ocean and the eastern Pacific Ocean.
Obelia dichotoma is a broadly distributed, mainly marine but sometimes freshwater, colonial hydrozoan in the order Leptothecata that forms regular branching stems and a distinctive hydrotheca. O. dichotoma can be found in climates from the arctic to the tropics in protected waters such as marches and creeks but not near open coasts like beaches in depths up to 250m. O. dichotoma uses asexual and sexual reproduction and feeds on mainly zooplankton and fecal pellets. Obelia dichotoma has a complex relationship with the ecosystem and many economic systems.
Clava is a monotypic genus of hydrozoans in the family Hydractiniidae. It contains only one accepted species, Clava multicornis. Other names synonymous with Clava multicornis include Clava cornea, Clava diffusa, Clava leptostyla, Clava nodosa, Clava parasitica, Clava squamata, Coryne squamata, Hydra multicornis, and Hydra squamata. The larvae form of the species has a well developed nervous system compared to its small size. The adult form is also advanced due to its ability to stay dormant during unfavorable periods.
Zancleidae is a family of cnidarians belonging to the order Anthoathecata.
Halisiphonia is a genus of deep water hydrozoans belonging to the family Hebellidae. There is little known about individual species. This lack of information has resulted from the difficulty of studying members of this genus due to the great depths at which they are located.
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