Transcription elongation factor SPT4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SUPT4H1 gene. [4] [5]
Transcription elongation factor SPT4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SUPT4H1 gene. [4] [5]
The positive transcription elongation factor, P-TEFb, is a multiprotein complex that plays an essential role in the regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II in eukaryotes. Immediately following initiation Pol II becomes trapped in promoter proximal paused positions on the majority of human genes. P-TEFb is a cyclin dependent kinase that can phosphorylate the DRB sensitivity inducing factor (DSIF) and negative elongation factor (NELF), as well as the carboxyl terminal domain of the large subunit of Pol II and this causes the transition into productive elongation leading to the synthesis of mRNAs. P-TEFb is regulated in part by a reversible association with the 7SK snRNP. Treatment of cells with the P-TEFb inhibitors DRB or flavopidirol leads to loss of mRNA production and ultimately cell death.
In molecular biology 7SK is an abundant small nuclear RNA found in metazoans. It plays a role in regulating transcription by controlling the positive transcription elongation factor P-TEFb. 7SK is found in a small nuclear ribonucleoprotein complex (snRNP) with a number of other proteins that regulate the stability and function of the complex.
Cyclin-dependent kinase 9 or CDK9 is a cyclin-dependent kinase associated with P-TEFb.
DNA-directed RNA polymerase II subunit RPB1, also known as RPB1, is an enzyme that is encoded by the POLR2A gene in humans.
Cyclin-T1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCNT1 gene.
DNA-directed RNA polymerase II subunit RPB4 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the POLR2D gene.
Transcription elongation factor SPT5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SUPT5H gene.
HIV Tat-specific factor 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HTATSF1 gene.
Negative elongation factor E is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RDBP gene.
FACT complex subunit SPT16 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SUPT16H gene.
Cofactor of BRCA1, also known as COBRA1, is a human gene that encodes NELF-B.
Transcription elongation regulator 1, also known as TCERG1, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the TCERG1 gene.
Negative elongation factor A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the WHSC2 gene.
Negative elongation factor C/D is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TH1L gene.
CTD small phosphatase-like protein is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CTDSPL gene.
General transcription factor IIF subunit 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GTF2F2 gene.
Transcription elongation factor SPT6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SUPT6H gene.
DSIF is a protein complex that can either negatively or positively affect transcription by RNA polymerase II. It can interact with the negative elongation factor (NELF) to promote the stalling of Pol II at some genes, which is called promoter proximal pausing. The pause occurs soon after initiation, once 20-60 nucleotides have been transcribed. This stalling is relieved by positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb) and Pol II enters productive elongation to resume synthesis till finish. In humans, DSIF is composed of hSPT4 and hSPT5. hSPT5 has a direct role in mRNA capping which occurs while the elongation is paused.
5,6-Dichloro-1-β-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole (DRB) is a chemical compound that inhibits transcription elongation by RNA Polymerase II. Sensitivity to DRB is dependent on DRB sensitivity inducing factor (DSIF), negative elongation factor (NELF), and positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb). DRB is a nucleoside analog and also inhibits some protein kinases.
In molecular biology, the NELF is a four-subunit protein complex that negatively impacts transcription by RNA polymerase II by pausing about 20-60 nucleotides downstream from the transcription start site (TSS).
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