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An exon is any part of a gene that will form a part of the final mature RNA produced by that gene after introns have been removed by RNA splicing. The term exon refers to both the DNA sequence within a gene and to the corresponding sequence in RNA transcripts. In RNA splicing, introns are removed and exons are covalently joined to one another as part of generating the mature RNA. Just as the entire set of genes for a species constitutes the genome, the entire set of exons constitutes the exome.
A reverse transcriptase (RT) is an enzyme used to generate complementary DNA (cDNA) from an RNA template, a process termed reverse transcription. Reverse transcriptases are used by viruses such as HIV and hepatitis B to replicate their genomes, by retrotransposon mobile genetic elements to proliferate within the host genome, and by eukaryotic cells to extend the telomeres at the ends of their linear chromosomes. Contrary to a widely held belief, the process does not violate the flows of genetic information as described by the classical central dogma, as transfers of information from RNA to DNA are explicitly held possible.
Polyploidy is a condition in which the cells of an organism have more than one pair of (homologous) chromosomes. Most species whose cells have nuclei (eukaryotes) are diploid, meaning they have two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each of two parents; each set contains the same number of chromosomes, and the chromosomes are joined in pairs of homologous chromosomes. However, some organisms are polyploid. Polyploidy is especially common in plants. Most eukaryotes have diploid somatic cells, but produce haploid gametes by meiosis. A monoploid has only one set of chromosomes, and the term is usually only applied to cells or organisms that are normally diploid. Males of bees and other Hymenoptera, for example, are monoploid. Unlike animals, plants and multicellular algae have life cycles with two alternating multicellular generations. The gametophyte generation is haploid, and produces gametes by mitosis; the sporophyte generation is diploid and produces spores by meiosis.
Rosa gallica, the Gallic rose, French rose, or rose of Provins, is a species of flowering plant in the rose family, native to southern and central Europe eastwards to Turkey and the Caucasus. Rosa gallica was one of the first species of rose to be cultivated in central Europe. It is a parent of several important cultivars.
Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) is a retrovirus and is the first oncovirus to have been described. It causes sarcoma in chickens.
Latrophilin 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ADGRL2 gene.
Kinesin-like protein KIF20A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KIF20A gene.
A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 9 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ADAMTS9 gene.
A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 10 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ADAMTS10 gene.
A virus is a submicroscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of an organism. Viruses infect all life forms, from animals and plants to microorganisms, including bacteria and archaea. Viruses are found in almost every ecosystem on Earth and are the most numerous type of biological entity. Since Dmitri Ivanovsky's 1892 article describing a non-bacterial pathogen infecting tobacco plants and the discovery of the tobacco mosaic virus by Martinus Beijerinck in 1898, more than 11,000 of the millions of virus species have been described in detail. The study of viruses is known as virology, a subspeciality of microbiology.
Low copy repeats (LCRs), also known as segmental duplications (SDs), are DNA sequences present in multiple locations within a genome that share high levels of sequence identity.
Graptopsaltria nigrofuscata, the large brown cicada, is a species of cicada in the genus Graptopsaltria of the family Cicadidae found across East Asia, including Japan, the Korean Peninsula, and China. They are called aburazemi (アブラゼミ) in Japanese. The males make a loud chirping that ends with a click caused by a flick of the wings.
Tolna complicata is a species of moth of the family Noctuidae first described by Arthur Gardiner Butler in 1880. It is found on Madagascar.
Vindija Cave is an archaeological site associated with Neanderthals and modern humans, located in the municipality of Donja Voća, northern Croatia. Remains of three Neanderthals were selected as the primary sources for the first draft sequence of the Neanderthal genome project in 2010. Additional research was done on the samples and published in 2017.
Nepheloleuca complicata, the swallow-tailed moth, is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is found in Cuba, Jamaica and Haiti and from Panama to Peru. The habitat consists of lowland rainforests and mid-elevation cloudforests up to altitudes of about 1,800 metres.
Trichromia complicata is a moth in the family Erebidae. It was described by William Schaus in 1905. It is found in French Guiana.
Saitoella is a genus of two species of yeast in the family Protomycetaceae.
Thiotricha complicata is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1918. It is found in southern India and Australia, where it has been recorded from Queensland.
Hyetussa complicata is a species of jumping spider in the family Salticidae. It is found in the United States.
Megaleuctra complicata, the Pacific needlefly, is a species of rolled-winged stonefly in the family Leuctridae. It is found in North America.
References
- ↑ GOTO, SHOJI; SUGIYAMA, JUNTA; HAMAMOTO, MAKIKO; KOMAGATA, KAZUO. "Saitoella, a new anamorph genus in the Cryptococcaceae to accommodate two himalayan yeast isolates formerly identified as Rhodotorula glutinis". The Journal of General and Applied Microbiology. 33 (1): 75–85. doi: 10.2323/jgam.33.75 .
- ↑ "Saitoella complicata NRRL Y-17804 v1.0".
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