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The Dominican Republic is a country located on the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean region. It occupies the eastern five-eighths of the island,which it shares with Haiti,making Hispaniola one of only two Caribbean islands,along with Saint Martin,that is shared by two sovereign states. The Dominican Republic is the second-largest nation in the Antilles by area at 48,671 square kilometers (18,792 sq mi),and third-largest by population,with approximately 10.7 million people,down from 10.8 million in 2020,of whom approximately 3.3 million live in the metropolitan area of Santo Domingo,the capital city. The official language of the country is Spanish.
Hispaniola is an island in the Caribbean that is part of the Greater Antilles and Antilles. Hispaniola is the most populous island in the West Indies,and the region's second largest in area,after the island of Cuba.
Dominicans are people identified with the Dominican Republic. This connection may be residential,legal,historical or cultural. For most Dominicans,several of these connections exist and are collectively the source of their being Dominican.
Afro-Dominicans are Dominicans of predominant Black African ancestry. They are a minority in the country representing 7.8% of the Dominican Republic's population according to a census bureau survey in 2022. About 4.0% of the people surveyed claim an Afro-Caribbean immigrant background,while only 0.2% acknowledged Haitian descent. Currently there are many black illegal immigrants from Haiti,who are not included within the Afro-Dominican demographics as they are not legal citizens of the nation.
The first United States occupation of the Dominican Republic lasted from 1916 to 1924. It aimed to force the Dominicans to repay their large debts to European creditors,whose governments threatened military intervention. On May 13,1916,Rear Admiral William B. Caperton forced the Dominican Republic's Secretary of War Desiderio Arias,who had seized power from President Juan Isidro Jimenes Pereyra,to leave Santo Domingo by threatening the city with naval bombardment. The Marines landed three days later and established effective control of the country within two months. Three major roads were built,largely for military purposes,connecting for the first time the capital with Santiago in the Cibao,Azua in the west,and San Pedro de Macorís in the east;and the system of forced labor used by the Americans in Haiti was absent in the Dominican Republic.
Antihaitianismo,also called anti-Haitianism in some English sources,is prejudice or social discrimination against Haitians in the Dominican Republic.
Solange Pierre,known as Sonia Pierre,was a human rights advocate in the Dominican Republic who worked to end antihaitianismo,which is discrimination against individuals of Haitian origin either born in Haiti or in the Dominican Republic. For this work,she won the 2006 Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award.
Prostitution in the Dominican Republic is legal,but related activities such as brothel-keeping or pimping are illegal. However,prostitution laws are generally not enforced. It is estimated that between 6,000 and 10,000 women work as prostitutes in the country,with many of the sex workers coming from neighboring Haiti. The population of illegal Haitian migrants in the country is particularly vulnerable to exploitation.
Dominican Republic–United States relations are bilateral relations between the Dominican Republic and the United States of America. There are around 200,000 Americans expats in the Dominican Republic,and a little over 2 million Dominicans live in the United States.
The following is an alphabetical list of topics related to the Dominican Republic.
Human trafficking in the Dominican Republic is the third largest international crime enterprise in the Caribbean,generating 9.5 billion U.S,dollars annually. The large population of undocumented or stateless persons of Haitian descent in the country is particularly vulnerable to trafficking. Women and children have been reportedly subjected to forced sex in the country and throughout the Caribbean,Europe,South America,and the United States. Women from other countries are also brought to the Dominican Republic for prostitution,and an unknown number may have subsequently become trafficking victims,even if they came voluntarily at first.
Sarah J. Mahler is an American author and cultural anthropologist. She was part of a group of anthropologists attempting to change migration studies to a more comprehensive way to understand how migrants crossing international borders remain tied to their homelands and how cultural practices and identities reflect influences from past and present contexts,called "transnational migration."
Slavery in Haiti began after the arrival of Christopher Columbus on the island in 1492 with the European colonists that followed from Portugal,Spain and France. The practice was devastating to the native population. Following the indigenous Tainos' near decimation from forced labor,disease and war,the Spanish,under initial advisement of the Catholic priest Bartoloméde las Casas and with the blessing of the Catholic church,began engaging in earnest during the 17th century in the forced labor of enslaved Africans. During the French colonial period,beginning in 1625,the economy of Saint-Domingue,was based on slavery;conditions on Saint-Domingue became notoriously bad even compared to chattel slavery conditions elsewhere.
White Dominicans are Dominican people of predominant or full European descent. They are 17.8% of the Dominican Republic's population,according to a 2021 survey by the United Nations Population Fund. The majority of white Dominicans have ancestry from the first European settlers to arrive in Hispaniola in 1492 and are descendants of the Spanish and Portuguese who settled in the island during colonial times,as well as the French who settled in the 17th and 18th centuries. Many whites in the Dominican Republic also descend from Italians,Dutchmen,Germans,Hungarians,Scandinavians,Americans and other nationalities who have migrated between the 19th and 20th centuries. About 9.2% of the Dominican population claims a European immigrant background,according to the 2021 Fondo de Población de las Naciones Unidas survey.
The Haitian minority of the Dominican Republic is the largest ethnic minority in the Dominican Republic since the early 20th century.
Martha Ellen Davis is an emeritus professor from the University of Florida,anthropologist and ethnomusicologist known for her multifarious work on African diasporic religion and music. Professor Davis' research has defied conventional tenets about Haitian and Dominican folk music,and her cultural preservation projects has raised awareness of the significance of the SamanáAmericanos' enclave.
Racism in the Dominican Republic exists due to the after-effects of African slavery and the subjugation of black people throughout history. In the Dominican Republic,"blackness" is often associated with Haitian migrants and a lower class status. Those who possess more African-like phenotypic features are often victims of discrimination,and are seen as foreigners. An envoy of the UN in October 2007 found that there was racism against black people in general,and particularly against Haitians,which proliferate in every segment of Dominican society.
Human rights in the Dominican Republic constitute the civil and political rights and freedoms legally protected under the Constitution of the Dominican Republic and enforced by the government through common and statutory law. The majority of human rights disputes are presided over by the highest court of constitutional appeal,the Dominican Constitutional Tribunal. These rights and freedoms have developed over time in accordance with the Dominican Republic's expansion from the former Spanish colony of the Captaincy General of Santo Domingo to its modern state formation. The history of human rights in the state have also been marked by the oscillation between democratic administrations,such as the current presidency of Danilo Medina,and authoritarian administrations,most significantly the dictatorial regime of Rafael Trujillo between 16 August 1930 and 16 August 1938. As a member of the Organization of American States and the United Nations,the Dominican Republic is party to myriad legal treaties and covenants which propagate the human rights standards of the international community and have integrated the majority of these human rights directives into their domestic legislation.
Dominican Republic nationality law is regulated by the 2015 Constitution,Law 1683 of 1948,the 2014 Naturalization Law #169-14,and relevant treaties to which the Dominican Republic is a signatory. These laws determine who is,or is eligible to be,a citizen of the Dominican Republic. The legal means to acquire nationality and formal membership in a nation differ from the relationship of rights and obligations between a national and the nation,known as citizenship. Nationality in the Dominican Republic is typically obtained either on the principle of jus soli,i.e. by birth in the Dominican Republic;or under the rules of jus sanguinis,i.e. by birth abroad to a parent with Dominican nationality. It can also be granted to a permanent resident who has lived in the country for a given period of time through naturalization or for a foreigner who has provided exceptional service to the nation.
Mixed Dominicans,also referred to as mulatto,mestizo or historically quadroon,are Dominicans who are of mixed racial ancestry. Representing 73.9% of the Dominican Republic's population,they are by far the single largest racial grouping of the country.
References
- 1 2 Martinez, Samuel (2019-11-21). "Samuel Martinez | Anthropology Department" . Retrieved 2020-05-09.
- ↑ "Samuel Martinez". Anthropology Department. 2019-11-21. Retrieved 2020-05-09.
- 1 2 Martínez, Samuel (1995). Peripheral Migrants: Haitians and Dominican Republic Sugar Plantations. Univ. of Tennessee Press. ISBN 978-0-87049-901-2.
- 1 2 Martínez, Samuel (2003). "Not a Cockfight: Rethinking Haitian-Dominican Relations". Latin American Perspectives. 30 (3): 80–101. doi:10.1177/0094582X03030003006. ISSN 0094-582X. JSTOR 3185037. S2CID 144330259.
- 1 2 Martínez, Samuel (1996). "Indifference within Indignation: Anthropology, Human Rights, and the Haitian Bracero". American Anthropologist. 98 (1): 17–25. doi:10.1525/aa.1996.98.1.02a00030. ISSN 1548-1433.
- ↑ Samuel Martinez on "Anti-Haitian Exclusionism in the Dominican Republic" . Retrieved 2020-05-09– via YouTube.
- ↑ "Red Internacional de Migración y Desarrollo". www.migracionydesarrollo.org. Retrieved 2020-05-10.
- ↑ "El antihaitianismo en la República Dominicana: ¿un giro biopolítico?". obmica.org. Retrieved 2020-05-10.
- ↑ Martinez, Samuel (October 2007). Decency and Excess: Global Aspirations and Material Deprivation on a Caribbean Sugar Plantation. Paradigm Publishers. ISBN 978-1-59451-188-2.
- ↑ International Migration and Human Rights.
- ↑ Schlund-Vials, Cathy J.; Martínez, Samuel (2018-02-02). Interrogating the Perpetrator: Violation, Culpability, and Human Rights. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-97659-1.
