Omar Hassan Ahmad al-Bashir is a Sudanese former military officer and politician who served as the seventh head of state of Sudan under various titles from 1989 until 2019,when he was deposed in a coup d'état. He was subsequently incarcerated,tried and convicted on multiple corruption charges. He came to power in 1989 when,as a brigadier general in the Sudanese Army,he led a group of officers in a military coup that ousted the democratically elected government of prime minister Sadiq al-Mahdi after it began negotiations with rebels in the south. He was elected three times as president in elections that have been under scrutiny for electoral fraud. In 1992,al-Bashir founded the National Congress Party,which remained the dominant political party in the country until 2019. In March 2009,al-Bashir became the first sitting head of state to be indicted by the International Criminal Court (ICC),for allegedly directing a campaign of mass killing,rape,and pillage against civilians in Darfur. On 11 February 2020,the Sudanese government announced that it had agreed to hand over al-Bashir to the ICC for trial.
Darfur is a region of western Sudan. Dār is an Arabic word meaning "home [of]" –the region was named Dardaju while ruled by the Daju,who migrated from Meroëc. 350 AD,and it was renamed Dartunjur when the Tunjur ruled the area. Darfur was an independent sultanate for several hundred years until it was incorporated into Sudan by Anglo-Egyptian forces in 1916. As an administrative region,Darfur is divided into five federal states:Central Darfur,East Darfur,North Darfur,South Darfur and West Darfur. Because of the War in Darfur between Sudanese government forces and the indigenous population,the region has been in a state of humanitarian emergency and genocide since 2003. The factors include religious and ethnic rivalry,and the rivalry between farmers and herders.
Paul R. Williams holds the Rebecca Grazier Professorship in Law and International Relations at American University,where he teaches in the School of International Service and the Washington College of Law. He is the president and co-founder of the Public International Law &Policy Group (PILPG),a Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) which provides pro bono assistance to countries and governments involved in peace negotiations,drafting post-conflict constitutions,and prosecuting war criminals.
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1564,adopted on 18 September 2004,after recalling resolutions 1502 (2003),1547 (2004) and 1556 (2004),the Council threatened the imposition of sanctions against Sudan if it failed to comply with its obligations on Darfur,and an international inquiry was established to investigate violations of human rights in the region.
The War in Darfur,also nicknamed the Land Cruiser War,is a major armed conflict in the Darfur region of Sudan that began in February 2003 when the Sudan Liberation Movement (SLM) and the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) rebel groups began fighting against the government of Sudan,which they accused of oppressing Darfur's non-Arab population. The government responded to attacks by carrying out a campaign of ethnic cleansing against Darfur's non-Arabs. This resulted in the death of hundreds of thousands of civilians and the indictment of Sudan's president,Omar al-Bashir,for genocide,war crimes,and crimes against humanity by the International Criminal Court.
This is the bibliography and reference section for the Darfur conflict series. External links to reports,news articles and other sources of information may also be found below.
While there is a consensus in the international community that ethnic groups have been targeted in Darfur and that crimes against humanity have therefore occurred,there has been debate in some quarters about whether genocide has taken place there. In May 2006,the International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur organized by United Nations "concluded that the Government of the Sudan has not pursued a policy of genocide ... [though] international offences such as the crimes against humanity and war crimes that have been committed in Darfur may be more serious and heinous than genocide." Eric Reeves,a researcher and frequent commentator on Darfur,has questioned the methodology of the commission's report.
Alexander William Lowndes de Waal,a British researcher on African elite politics,is the executive director of the World Peace Foundation at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University. Previously,he was a fellow of the Harvard Humanitarian Initiative at Harvard University,as well as program director at the Social Science Research Council on AIDS in New York City.
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1593,adopted on 31 March 2005,after receiving a report by the International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur,the Council referred the situation in the Darfur region of Sudan to the International Criminal Court (ICC) and required Sudan to co-operate fully. It marked the first time the council had referred a situation to the court,and also compelled a country to co-operate with it.
Ali Muhammad Ali Abd-Al-Rahman,commonly known as Ali Kushayb,is a senior Janjaweed commander who supported the Sudanese government against Darfur rebel groups during the Omar al-Bashir presidency. He was indicted by the International Criminal Court (ICC) for war crimes. He was known as aqid al oqada and was active in Wadi Salih,West Darfur.
Norway –Sudan relations are international relations between Norway and Sudan.
The Philip Leverhulme Prize is awarded by the Leverhulme Trust to recognise the achievement of outstanding researchers whose work has already attracted international recognition and whose future career is exceptionally promising. The prize scheme makes up to thirty awards of £100,000 a year,across a range of academic disciplines.
Chandra Lekha Sriram (1971–2018) was Professor of Law at the University of London,School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS). She has written and lectured widely on conflict prevention,post-conflict peacebuilding,human rights,international criminal law,and transitional justice. Her most recent monograph,Peace as governance:Power-sharing,armed groups,and contemporary peace negotiations (2008),offered a comparative critical examination of the use of power-sharing incentives in peace processes in Colombia,Sri Lanka,and Sudan. Previous monographs on transitional justice and international criminal accountability,Confronting past human rights violations:Justice versus peace in times of transition (2004) and Globalizing Justice for mass atrocities:A revolution in accountability (2005);examined transitional justice and internationalized and externalized criminal justice processes in or for Sierra Leone,Timor-Leste,El Salvador,Honduras,Sri Lanka,South Africa,and Argentina.
The European Journal of International Law is a quarterly law journal covering international law in a combination of theoretical and practical approaches. It also provides coverage of the relationship between international law and European Union law. The journal was established in 1990 by a group of scholars based at the European University Institute,universities in Florence and Munich,Panthéon-Assas University,and the Michigan Law School.
The International Criminal Court investigation in Darfur or the situation in Darfur is an ongoing investigation by the International Criminal Court (ICC) into criminal acts committed during the War in Darfur. Although Sudan is not a state party to the Rome Statute,the treaty which created the ICC,the situation in Darfur was referred to the ICC's Prosecutor by the United Nations Security Council in 2005. As of June 2019,five suspects remained under indictment by the court:Ahmed Haroun,Ali Kushayb,Omar al-Bashir,Abdallah Banda and Abdel Rahim Mohammed Hussein. Charges against Bahar Abu Garda were dropped on the basis of insufficient evidence in 2010 and those against Saleh Jerbo were dropped following his death in 2013. In mid-April 2019,Haroun,al-Bashir and Hussein were imprisoned in Sudan as a result of the 2019 Sudanese coup d'état. In early November 2019,the Forces of Freedom and Change (FFC) and Sudanese Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok stated that al-Bashir would be transferred to the ICC. One of the demands of the displaced people of Darfur visited by Hamdok prior to Hamdok's statement was that "Omar Al Bashir and the other wanted persons" had to be surrendered to the ICC.
The Darfur genocide is the systematic killing of ethnic Darfuri people which has occurred during the ongoing conflict in Western Sudan. It has become known as the first genocide of the 21st century. The genocide,which is being carried out against the Fur,Masalit and Zaghawa tribes,has led the International Criminal Court (ICC) to indict several people for crimes against humanity,rape,forced transfer and torture. According to Eric Reeves,more than one million children have been "killed,raped,wounded,displaced,traumatized,or endured the loss of parents and families".
The 2019–2026 Sudanese transition to democracy is an ongoing democratic transition in Sudan that began in July 2019.
The Sudanese peace process consists of meetings,written agreements and actions that aim to resolve the War in Darfur,the Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile,and armed conflicts in central,northern and eastern Sudan.
Sven M.G. Koopmans is a Dutch international lawyer,diplomat and former politician currently serving as the European Union Special Representative for the Middle East Peace Process. Dr. Koopmans has published several books and is the author of the first and only practical guide to negotiating peace.
Prabha Kotiswaran is a professor of law &social Justice working at King's College London (KCL),UK.
