Women's studies is an academic field that draws on feminist and interdisciplinary methods to place women's lives and experiences at the center of study,while examining social and cultural constructs of gender;systems of privilege and oppression;and the relationships between power and gender as they intersect with other identities and social locations such as race,sexual orientation,socio-economic class,and disability.
Paulina Luisi (1875–1950) was a leader of the feminist movement in the country of Uruguay. In 1909,she became the first Uruguayan woman to earn a medical degree and was a firm advocate of sex education in the schools. She represented Uruguay in international women's conferences and traveled throughout Latin America and Europe. She was also the first Latin American woman to participate in the League of Nations and became one its most influential early activists. Her work has had a lasting effect on women of the Americas.
Disability studies is an academic discipline that examines the meaning,nature,and consequences of disability. Initially,the field focused on the division between "impairment" and "disability",where impairment was an impairment of an individual's mind or body,while disability was considered a social construct. This premise gave rise to two distinct models of disability:the social and medical models of disability. In 1999 the social model was universally accepted as the model preferred by the field. However,in recent years,the division between the social and medical models has been challenged. Additionally,there has been an increased focus on interdisciplinary research. For example,recent investigations suggest using "cross-sectional markers of stratification" may help provide new insights on the non-random distribution of risk factors capable of acerbating disablement processes.
Cultural feminism, the view that there is a "female nature" or "female essence",attempts to revalue and redefine attributes ascribed to femaleness. It is also used to describe theories that commend innate differences between women and men. Cultural feminism diverged from radical feminism,when some radical feminists rejected the previous feminist and patriarchal notion that feminine traits are undesirable and returned to an essentialist view of gender differences in which they regard female traits as superior.
Feminist sociology is an interdisciplinary exploration of gender and power throughout society. Here,it uses conflict theory and theoretical perspectives to observe gender in its relation to power,both at the level of face-to-face interaction and reflexivity within social structures at large. Focuses include sexual orientation,race,economic status,and nationality.
The feminist school of criminology is a school of criminology developed in the late 1960s and into the 1970s as a reaction to the general disregard and discrimination of women in the traditional study of crime. It is the view of the feminist school of criminology that a majority of criminological theories were developed through studies on male subjects and focused on male criminality,and that criminologists often would "add women and stir" rather than develop separate theories on female criminality.
Sue Scott is a British sociologist and feminist whose research has focused primarily on sexuality,gender and risk. She is a visiting professor at the University of Newcastle and an honorary professor at the University of Helsinki. From 2013–2019 she was honorary professor in the Centre for Women's Studies at the University of York. She was president of the British Sociological Association 2007–2009 and president of the European Sociological Association 2017–2019. She is a co-founder and managing editor of the Social Science Research Magazine Discover Society.
Shirin M. Rai,is an interdisciplinary scholar who works across the political science and international relations boundaries. She is known for her research on the intersections between international political economy,globalisation,post-colonial governance,institutions and processes of democratisation and gender regimes. She was a professor of politics and international studies at the University of Warwick,and is the founding director of Warwick Interdisciplinary Research Centre for International Development (WICID).
Joan Claire Tronto,is professor of political science at the University of Minnesota,and was previously professor of women's studies and political science at Hunter College and the Graduate School,City University of New York.
DrEsther Ngan-ling Chow is a sociologist and Emerita Professor at the American University,Washington D.C.,United States.
Catriona Sandilands is a Canadian writer and scholar in the environmental humanities. She is most well known for her conception of queer ecology. She is currently a Professor in the Faculty of Environmental Studies at York University. She was a Canada Research Chair in Sustainability and Culture between 2004 and 2014. She was a Fellow of the Pierre Elliott Trudeau Foundation in 2016. Sandilands served as president of the Association for the Study of Literature and Environment in 2015. She is also a past President of the Association for Literature,Environment,and Culture in Canada (ALECC) and the American Society for Literature and the Environment (ASLE).
Changes in gender roles in Central and Eastern Europe after the fall of Communism have been an object of historical and sociological study.
Nancy A. Naples is an American sociologist,and currently Board of Trustees Distinguished Professor of Sociology and Women's,Gender,and Sexuality Studies at the University of Connecticut,where she is also director of graduate studies. She has contributed significantly to the study of community activism,poverty in the United States,inequality in rural communities,and methodology in women's studies and feminism.
Gail Lewis is a British writer,psychotherapist,researcher,and activist. She is Visiting Senior Fellow in the Department of Gender Studies at the London School of Economics,and Reader Emerita of Psychosocial Studies at Birkbeck College. She trained as a psychodynamic psychotherapist at the Tavistock Clinic.
Elizabeth Mary Ettorre is an Anglo-American feminist sociologist.
Sonia Magdalena Cuales was a Curaçaoan feminist activist and writer. Her work in the United Nations system and with various advocacy groups focused on the intersection of women's rights and development across the Caribbean.
Helen Mayer Hacker is a sociologist,social activist,feminist and author. She is the first scholar to discuss women as a minority group.
Nükhet Sirman is a Turkish social anthropologist. She earned a doctorate degree from Britain's University College London in 1988,and since 1989,she is a professor of anthropology at the Boğaziçi University in Istanbul,Turkey. She has done academic analysis of the feminist movement in Turkey and introduced the concept of "familial citizenship" in the academic realm.
Sabine Strasser is an Austrian social anthropologist who specializes in migration and gender issues. She evaluates the political nature of transnational relationships,particularly with regard to diversity and multiculturalism. She was one of the first researchers hired when the University of Vienna's founded its Inter-University Coordination Center of Women's Studies in 1993. She has taught at the University of Vienna and the Middle East Technical University in Ankara,Turkey. Since 2013,she has served as a professor at the University of Bern.
Sally Hines is a British sociologist and gender studies scholar. She is Professor of Sociology and Director of Equality,Diversity and Inclusion at the Department of Sociological Studies at the University of Sheffield. She is the daughter of Barry Hines,the novelist and screenwriter whose most famous book,A Kestrel for a Knave,was turned into the 1969 film Kes.
