The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is one of the main protocols of the Internet protocol suite. It originated in the initial network implementation in which it complemented the Internet Protocol (IP). Therefore,the entire suite is commonly referred to as TCP/IP. TCP provides reliable,ordered,and error-checked delivery of a stream of octets (bytes) between applications running on hosts communicating via an IP network. Major internet applications such as the World Wide Web,email,remote administration,and file transfer rely on TCP,which is part of the Transport layer of the TCP/IP suite. SSL/TLS often runs on top of TCP.
In computer networking,the transport layer is a conceptual division of methods in the layered architecture of protocols in the network stack in the Internet protocol suite and the OSI model. The protocols of this layer provide end-to-end communication services for applications. It provides services such as connection-oriented communication,reliability,flow control,and multiplexing.
Network congestion in data networking and queueing theory is the reduced quality of service that occurs when a network node or link is carrying more data than it can handle. Typical effects include queueing delay,packet loss or the blocking of new connections. A consequence of congestion is that an incremental increase in offered load leads either only to a small increase or even a decrease in network throughput.
FAST TCP is a TCP congestion avoidance algorithm especially targeted at long-distance,high latency links,developed at the Netlab,California Institute of Technology and now being commercialized by FastSoft. FastSoft was acquired by Akamai Technologies in 2012.
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) uses a congestion control algorithm that includes various aspects of an additive increase/multiplicative decrease (AIMD) scheme,along with other schemes including slow start and congestion window (CWND),to achieve congestion avoidance. The TCP congestion-avoidance algorithm is the primary basis for congestion control in the Internet. Per the end-to-end principle,congestion control is largely a function of internet hosts,not the network itself. There are several variations and versions of the algorithm implemented in protocol stacks of operating systems of computers that connect to the Internet.
TCP Vegas is a TCP congestion avoidance algorithm that emphasizes packet delay,rather than packet loss,as a signal to help determine the rate at which to send packets. It was developed at the University of Arizona by Lawrence Brakmo and Larry L. Peterson and introduced in 1994.
TCP Westwood (TCPW) is a sender-side-only modification to TCP New Reno that is intended to better handle large bandwidth-delay product paths,with potential packet loss due to transmission or other errors,and with dynamic load.
Packet loss occurs when one or more packets of data travelling across a computer network fail to reach their destination. Packet loss is either caused by errors in data transmission,typically across wireless networks,or network congestion. Packet loss is measured as a percentage of packets lost with respect to packets sent.
Fairness measures or metrics are used in network engineering to determine whether users or applications are receiving a fair share of system resources. There are several mathematical and conceptual definitions of fairness.
UDP-based Data Transfer Protocol (UDT),is a high-performance data transfer protocol designed for transferring large volumetric datasets over high-speed wide area networks. Such settings are typically disadvantageous for the more common TCP protocol.
Bandwidth management is the process of measuring and controlling the communications on a network link,to avoid filling the link to capacity or overfilling the link,which would result in network congestion and poor performance of the network. Bandwidth is described by bit rate and measured in units of bits per second (bit/s) or bytes per second (B/s).
The Skype protocol is a proprietary Internet telephony network used by Skype. The protocol's specifications have not been made publicly available by Skype and official applications using the protocol are closed-source.
Adaptive bitrate streaming is a technique used in streaming multimedia over computer networks.
Bufferbloat is a cause of high latency and jitter in packet-switched networks caused by excess buffering of packets. Bufferbloat can also cause packet delay variation,as well as reduce the overall network throughput. When a router or switch is configured to use excessively large buffers,even very high-speed networks can become practically unusable for many interactive applications like voice over IP (VoIP),audio streaming,online gaming,and even ordinary web browsing.
Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH),also known as MPEG-DASH,is an adaptive bitrate streaming technique that enables high quality streaming of media content over the Internet delivered from conventional HTTP web servers. Similar to Apple's HTTP Live Streaming (HLS) solution,MPEG-DASH works by breaking the content into a sequence of small segments,which are served over HTTP. An early HTTP web server based streaming system called SProxy was developed and deployed in the Hewlett Packard Laboratories in 2006. It showed how to use HTTP range requests to break the content into small segments. SProxy shows the effectiveness of segment based streaming,gaining best Internet penetration due to the wide deployment of firewalls,and reducing the unnecessary traffic transmission if a user chooses to terminate the streaming session earlier before reaching the end. Each segment contains a short interval of playback time of content that is potentially many hours in duration,such as a movie or the live broadcast of a sport event. The content is made available at a variety of different bit rates,i.e.,alternative segments encoded at different bit rates covering aligned short intervals of playback time. While the content is being played back by an MPEG-DASH client,the client uses a bit rate adaptation (ABR) algorithm to automatically select the segment with the highest bit rate possible that can be downloaded in time for playback without causing stalls or re-buffering events in the playback. The current MPEG-DASH reference client dash.js offers both buffer-based (BOLA) and hybrid (DYNAMIC) bit rate adaptation algorithms. Thus,an MPEG-DASH client can seamlessly adapt to changing network conditions and provide high quality playback with few stalls or re-buffering events.
QUIC is a general-purpose transport layer network protocol initially designed by Jim Roskind at Google,implemented,and deployed in 2012,announced publicly in 2013 as experimentation broadened,and described at an IETF meeting. QUIC is used by more than half of all connections from the Chrome web browser to Google's servers. Microsoft Edge,Firefox,and Safari support it.
Multipath TCP (MPTCP) is an ongoing effort of the Internet Engineering Task Force's (IETF) Multipath TCP working group,that aims at allowing a Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) connection to use multiple paths to maximize throughput and increase redundancy.
The Fast Adaptive and Secure Protocol (FASP) is a proprietary data transfer protocol. FASP is a network-optimized network protocol created by Michelle C. Munson and Serban Simu,productized by Aspera,and now owned by IBM subsequent to its acquisition of Aspera. The associated client/server software packages are also commonly called Aspera. The technology is patented under US Patent #8085781,Bulk Data Transfer,#20090063698,Method and system for aggregate bandwidth control. and others.
Maria Pia Fanti is an Italian control theorist known for her research on topics that include discrete event dynamic systems,Petri nets,consensus,fault detection and isolation,agile manufacturing,and road traffic control. She is a professor in the Department of Electrical and Information Engineering at the Polytechnic University of Bari,where she heads the Laboratory for Control and Automation.
Hassan K. Khalil is an Egyptian-born American electrical engineer. He was named Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in 1989 for contributions to singular perturbation theory and its application to control.
