Louis Napoléon Bonaparte was a younger brother of Napoleon I, Emperor of the French. He was a monarch in his own right from 1806 to 1810, ruling over the Kingdom of Holland. In that capacity he was known as Louis I.
Les Invalides, formally the Hôtel national des Invalides, also Hôtel des Invalides, is a complex of buildings in the 7th arrondissement of Paris, France, containing museums and monuments, all relating to the military history of France, as well as a hospital and a retirement home for war veterans, the building's original purpose. The buildings house the Musée de l'Armée, the military museum of the Army of France, the Musée des Plans-Reliefs, and the Musée d'Histoire Contemporaine. The complex also includes the former hospital chapel, now national cathedral of the French military, and the adjacent former Royal Chapel known as the Dôme des Invalides, the tallest church building in Paris at a height of 107 meters. The latter has been converted into a shrine of some of France's leading military figures, most notably the tomb of Napoleon.
Louis-Eugène Cavaignac was a French general and politician who served as head of the executive power of France between June and December 1848, during the French Second Republic.
The Second French Empire, was the 18-year Imperial Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 14 January 1852 to 27 October 1870, between the Second and the Third Republic of France.
The French Second Republic, officially the French Republic, was the republican government of France that existed between 1848 and 1852. It was established in February 1848, with the February Revolution that overthrew the July Monarchy of King Louis-Phillip, and ended in December 1852. Following the election of President Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte in 1848 and the 1851 coup d'état the president staged, Bonaparte proclaimed himself Emperor Napoleon III and initiated the Second French Empire. The short-lived republic officially adopted the motto of the First Republic; Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité.
Bonapartism is the political ideology supervening from Napoleon Bonaparte and his followers and successors. The term was used to refer to people who hoped to restore the House of Bonaparte and its style of government. In this sense, a Bonapartiste was a person who either actively participated in or advocated for conservative, monarchist and imperial political factions in 19th-century France. After Napoleon, the term was applied to the French politicians who seized power in the Coup of 18 Brumaire, ruling in the French Consulate and subsequently in the First and Second French Empires. The Bonapartistes desired an empire under the House of Bonaparte, the Corsican family of Napoleon Bonaparte and his nephew Louis Napoleon.
The Crown of Napoleon was a coronation crown manufactured for Napoleon and used in his coronation as Emperor of the French on December 2, 1804. Napoleon called this crown the "Crown of Charlemagne", which was the name of the ancient royal coronation crown of France that had been destroyed during the French Revolution. This name allowed Napoleon to compare himself to the famed medieval monarch Charlemagne, King of the Franks and Holy Roman Emperor.
Whig Lord John Russell led the government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 1846 to 1852.
Napoléon-Louis Bonaparte was King of Holland for less than two weeks in July 1810 as Louis II. He was a son of Louis Bonaparte and Queen Hortense. His father was the younger brother of Napoleon I of France who ruled the Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland from 1806 to 1810. His mother was the daughter of Josephine de Beauharnais, Napoleon's first wife. His younger brother, Louis-Napoléon, became Emperor of the French in 1852 as Napoleon III.
The Corps législatif was a part of the French legislature during the French Revolution and beyond. It is also the generic French term used to refer to any legislative body.
The Coup d'état of 2 December 1851 was a self-coup staged by Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, at the time President of France under the Second Republic. Code-named Operation Rubicon and timed to coincide with the anniversary of Napoleon I's coronation and victory at Austerlitz, the coup dissolved the National Assembly, granted dictatorial powers to the president and preceded the establishment of the Second French Empire a year later.
Justin Napoléon Samuel Prosper de Chasseloup-Laubat, 4th Marquis of Chasseloup-Laubat was a French aristocrat and politician who became Minister of the Navy under Napoleon III and was an early advocate of French colonialism.
Adolphe Augustin Marie Billault was a French lawyer and politician who played a leading role in the governments of Napoleon III.
François-Xavier Joseph de Casabianca was a French aristocrat, lawyer and politician who served as Minister of Agriculture and Commerce, Minister of Finance and then President of the Council of State in the government of Louis Napoleon.
The First cabinet of Louis Napoleon was formed by President Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte the day after the coup of 2 December 1851, replacing the Last cabinet of the French Second Republic. It was replaced by the Second cabinet of Louis Napoleon on 22 January 1852. The ministers were:
The Third cabinet of Napoleon III was formed by the Emperor Napoleon III on 2 December 1852, replacing the Second cabinet of Louis Napoleon at the start of the Second French Empire. It remained in place until 17 July 1869, when it was replaced by the Fourth cabinet of Napoleon III. The ministers were each accountable to Napoleon III, who was thus both head of state and head of government.
The Cabinet of Léon Faucher, in which Léon Faucher was the leading minister, was formed on 10 April 1851 by President Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte. It followed the Petit ministère of 1851. The cabinet was a compromise between the Parti de l'Ordre and the Bonapartists in the period before the coup d'état of 2 December 1851. The cabinet was replaced by the Last cabinet of the French Second Republic on 26 October 1851.
The cabinet of Alphonse Henri d'Hautpoul was formed by President Louis Napoleon Bonaparte after he had dismissed the second cabinet of Odilon Barrot on 31 October 1849. The Hautpoul cabinet was made up of friends of the president rather than members of the assembly, and was led by Alphonse Henri d'Hautpoul.
The second cabinet of Odilon Barrot was the government of France from 2 June 1849 to 31 October 1849 under President of the Council Odilon Barrot. It followed the first cabinet of Odilon Barrot, dissolved before the elections to the Legislative Assembly, and was constituted by President Louis Napoleon. It was dismissed on 31 October 1849 and replaced by the cabinet of Alphonse Henri d'Hautpoul.
The first cabinet of Odilon Barrot was the government of France from 20 December 1848 to 2 June 1849 under President of the Council Odilon Barrot. It was formed after the election of Louis Napoleon as President on 20 December 1848, the day that he took his oath. It replaced the cabinet of General Cavaignac. After the May 1849 elections to the Legislative Assembly it was replaced by the second cabinet of Odilon Barrot.
France 
