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Old English,or Anglo-Saxon,is the earliest recorded form of the English language,spoken in England and southern and eastern Scotland in the early Middle Ages. It was brought to Great Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlers in the mid-5th century,and the first Old English literary works date from the mid-7th century. After the Norman conquest of 1066,English was replaced,for a time,by Anglo-Norman as the language of the upper classes. This is regarded as marking the end of the Old English era,since during this period the English language was heavily influenced by Anglo-Norman,developing into a phase known now as Middle English in England and Early Scots in Scotland.
The Anglo-Saxons were a cultural group who inhabited England in the Early Middle Ages. They traced their origins to settlers who came to Britain from mainland Europe in the 5th century. However,the ethnogenesis of the Anglo-Saxons happened within Britain,and the identity was not merely imported. Anglo-Saxon identity arose from interaction between incoming groups from several Germanic tribes,both amongst themselves,and with indigenous Britons. Many of the natives,over time,adopted Anglo-Saxon culture and language and were assimilated. The Anglo-Saxons established the concept,and the Kingdom,of England,and though the modern English language owes somewhat less than 26% of its words to their language,this includes the vast majority of words used in everyday speech.
A brooch is a decorative jewelry item designed to be attached to garments,often to fasten them together. It is usually made of metal,often silver or gold or some other material. Brooches are frequently decorated with enamel or with gemstones and may be solely for ornament or serve a practical function as a clothes fastener. The earliest known brooches are from the Bronze Age. As fashions in brooches changed rather quickly,they are important chronological indicators. In archaeology,ancient European brooches are usually referred to by the Latin term fibula.
The quoit brooch is a type of Anglo-Saxon brooch found from the 5th century and later during the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain that has given its name to the Quoit Brooch Style to embrace all types of Anglo-Saxon metalwork in the decorative style typical of the finest brooches. The brooches take their modern name from the rings thrown in the game of quoits,and have the form of a broad ring,or circle with an empty centre,usually in bronze or silver,and often highly decorated. The forms are in a very low relief,so contrasting with other early Anglo-Saxon styles,with detail added by shallow engraving or punching within the main shapes. Dots or dashes are often used to represent fur on the animal forms,as well as lines emphasizing parts of the body. They are fixed with a single,straight hinged pin like those of other Anglo-Saxon ring or Celtic brooches and are further defined by the presence of a slot and pin-stops on the ring.
Winfred Philip Lehmann was an American linguist who specialized in historical,Germanic,and Indo-European linguistics. He was for many years a professor and head of departments for linguistics at the University of Texas at Austin,and served as president of both the Linguistic Society of America and the Modern Language Association. Lehmann was also a pioneer in machine translation. He lectured a large number of future scholars at Austin,and was the author of several influential works on linguistics.
Hector Munro Chadwick was an English philologist. Chadwick was the Elrington and Bosworth Professor of Anglo-Saxon and the founder and head of the Department for Anglo-Saxon and Kindred Studies at the University of Cambridge. Chadwick was well known for his encouragement of interdisciplinary research on Celts and Germanic peoples,and for his theories on the Heroic Age in the history of human societies. Chadwick was a tutor of many notable students and the author of numerous influential works in his fields of study. Much of his research and teaching was conducted in cooperation with his wife,former student and fellow Cambridge scholar Nora Kershaw.
The Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain is the process which changed the language and culture of most of what became England from Romano-British to Germanic. The Germanic-speakers in Britain,themselves of diverse origins,eventually developed a common cultural identity as Anglo-Saxons. This process principally occurred from the mid-fifth to early seventh centuries,following the end of Roman rule in Britain around the year 410. The settlement was followed by the establishment of the Heptarchy,Anglo-Saxon kingdoms in the south and east of Britain,later followed by the rest of modern England,and the south-east of modern Scotland.
Raymond Ian Page was a British historian of Anglo-Saxon England and the Viking Age. As a renowned runologist,he specialised in the study of Anglo-Saxon runes.
Michael Lapidge,FBA is a scholar in the field of Medieval Latin literature,particularly that composed in Anglo-Saxon England during the period 600–1100 AD;he is an emeritus Fellow of Clare College,Cambridge,a Fellow of the British Academy,and winner of the 2009 Sir Israel Gollancz Prize.
Michael James Swanton is a British historian,linguist,archaeologist and literary critic,specialising in the Anglo-Saxon period and its Old English literature.
Dr. Robert Allen Fowkes was a noted American linguist,specializing in Indo-European Historical Linguistics and philology.
Elżbieta Magdalena Wąsik is a Polish linguist specializing in general linguistics and semiotics of communication,employed as professor extraordinarius at Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań,Poland.
Genesis is an Old Saxon Biblical poem recounting the story of the Book of Genesis,dating to the first half of the 9th century,three fragments of which are preserved in a manuscript in the Vatican Library,Palatinus Latinus 1447. It and the Heliand,a heroic poem based on the New Testament,a fragment of which is also included in the same manuscript,constitute the only major records of Old Saxon poetry. It is also the basis of the Anglo-Saxon poem known as Genesis B,and Eduard Sievers postulated its existence on linguistic evidence before the manuscript was discovered.
John D. Niles is an American scholar of medieval English literature best known for his work on Beowulf and the theory of oral literature.
Roberta Frank is an American philologist specializing in Old English and Old Norse language and literature. She is Marie Borroff Professor Emeritus of English at Yale University.
Colin Robert Chase was an American academic. An associate professor of English at the University of Toronto,he was known for his contributions to the studies of Old English and Anglo-Latin literature. His best-known work,The Dating of Beowulf,challenged the accepted orthodoxy of the dating of the Anglo-Saxon poem Beowulf,which was then thought to be from the latter half of the eighth century but is now thought to be from near the end of the first millennium,and he left behind what was described in A Beowulf Handbook as "a cautious and necessary incertitude".
The decline of Celtic languages in England was the historical process by which the Celtic languages died out in what is modern-day England. It happened in most of southern Great Britain between about 400 and 1000 AD,but in Cornwall,it was finished only in the 18th century.
Leonard Neidorf is an American philologist who is Professor of English at Nanjing University. Neidorf specializes in the study of Old English and Middle English literature,and is a known authority on Beowulf.
Hans Frede Nielsen was a Danish philologist who was Professor Emeritus of Historical Linguistics at the University of Southern Denmark. He specialized in Germanic linguistics and runology.
Geoffrey Richard Russom is an American philologist who is Professor Emeritus of English at Brown University.
References
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