Septum transversum

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Septum transversum
Diaphragma-embryo.png
Diaphragm of embryo.
Gray1088.png
Liver with the septum transversum. Human embryo 3 mm. long.
Details
Carnegie stage 10
Precursor Mesenchyme
Gives rise to Diaphragm / ventral mesentery
Identifiers
TE transversum_by_E5.2.0.4.0.0.2 E5.2.0.4.0.0.2
Anatomical terminology

The septum transversum is a thick mass of cranial mesenchyme, formed in the embryo, that gives rise to parts of the thoracic diaphragm and the ventral mesentery of the foregut in the developed human being and other mammals.

Contents

Origins

The septum transversum originally arises as the most cranial part of the mesenchyme on day 22. [1] During craniocaudal folding, it assumes a position cranial to the developing heart at the level of the cervical vertebrae. [1] During subsequent weeks the dorsal end of the embryo grows much faster than its ventral counterpart resulting in an apparent descent of the ventrally located septum transversum. At week 8, it can be found at the level of the thoracic vertebrae. [1] [2]

Nerve supply

After successful craniocaudal folding the septum transversum picks up innervation from the adjacent ventral rami of spinal nerves C3, C4 and C5, thus forming the precursor of the phrenic nerve. During the descent of the septum, the phrenic nerve is carried along and assumes its descending pathway.

During embryonic development of the thoracic diaphragm, myoblast cells from the septum invade the other components of the diaphragm. They thus give rise to the motor and sensory innervation of the muscular diaphragm by the phrenic nerve.

Derivatives

The cranial part of the septum transversum gives rise to the central tendon of the diaphragm, [1] and is the origin of the myoblasts that invade the pleuroperitoneal folds resulting in the formation of the muscular diaphragm. [3]

The caudal part of the septum transversum is invaded by the hepatic diverticulum which divides within it to form the liver and thus gives rise to the ventral mesentery of the foregut, which in turn is the precursor of the lesser omentum, the visceral peritoneum of the liver and the falciform ligament.

Though not derived from the septum transversum, development of the liver is highly dependent upon signals originating here. Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2), BMP-4 and BMP-7 produced from the septum transversum join fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signals from the cardiac mesoderm induce part of the foregut to differentiate towards a hepatic fate. [4]

Additional images

Related Research Articles

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The development of the digestive system in the human embryo concerns the epithelium of the digestive system and the parenchyma of its derivatives, which originate from the endoderm. Connective tissue, muscular components, and peritoneal components originate in the mesoderm. Different regions of the gut tube such as the esophagus, stomach, duodenum, etc. are specified by a retinoic acid gradient that causes transcription factors unique to each region to be expressed. Differentiation of the gut and its derivatives depends upon reciprocal interactions between the gut endoderm and its surrounding mesoderm. Hox genes in the mesoderm are induced by a Hedgehog signaling pathway secreted by gut endoderm and regulate the craniocaudal organization of the gut and its derivatives. The gut system extends from the oropharyngeal membrane to the cloacal membrane and is divided into the foregut, midgut, and hindgut.

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References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Mitchell, Barry; Sharma, Ram (2009-01-01), Mitchell, Barry; Sharma, Ram (eds.), "Chapter 3 - The body cavities and the diaphragm", Embryology (Second Edition), Churchill Livingstone, pp. 15–18, doi:10.1016/b978-0-7020-3225-7.50006-3, ISBN   978-0-7020-3225-7 , retrieved 2020-12-05
  2. Moore, Keith L. (2003). The developing human : clinically oriented embryology. Persaud, T. V. N. (7th [ed.] ed.). Philadelphia, Pa.: Saunders. ISBN   978-0-8089-2265-0. OCLC   49526919.
  3. Moore, N. Anthony. (2007). Gross and developmental anatomy. Roy, William A. (2nd ed.). St. Louis: Mosby. ISBN   978-0-323-04551-3. OCLC   70220003.
  4. Carlson, Bruce M. (2004). Human embryology and developmental biology. Carlson, Bruce M. (3rd ed.). [St. Louis, Mo.]: Mosby. ISBN   0-323-01487-9. OCLC   60346934.