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In type theory, session types are used to ensure correctness in concurrent programs. They guarantee that messages sent and received between concurrent programs are in the expected order and of the expected type. [1] [2] Session type systems have been adapted for both channel and actor systems. [3]
Session types are used to ensure desirable properties in concurrent and distributed systems, i.e. absence of communication errors or deadlocks, and protocol conformance. [4]
Interaction between two processes can be checked using binary session types, while interactions between more than two processes can be checked using multiparty session types. [5] In multiparty session types interactions between all participants are described using a global type, which is then projected into local types that describe communication from the local view of each participant. Importantly, the global type encodes the sequencing information of the communication, which would be lost if we were to use binary session types to encode the same communication. [6]
Binary session types can be described using send operations (), receive operations (), branches (), selections (), recursion () and termination (). [2]
For example, represents a session type which first sends a boolean (), then receives an integer () before finally terminating ().
Session types have been adapted for several existing programming languages, including:
In computer science, functional programming is a programming paradigm where programs are constructed by applying and composing functions. It is a declarative programming paradigm in which function definitions are trees of expressions that map values to other values, rather than a sequence of imperative statements which update the running state of the program.
This is a "genealogy" of programming languages. Languages are categorized under the ancestor language with the strongest influence. Those ancestor languages are listed in alphabetic order. Any such categorization has a large arbitrary element, since programming languages often incorporate major ideas from multiple sources.
In computer programming, especially functional programming and type theory, an algebraic data type (ADT) is a kind of composite type, i.e., a type formed by combining other types.
An expression-oriented programming language is a programming language in which every construction is an expression and thus yields a value. The typical exceptions are macro definitions, preprocessor commands, and declarations, which expression-oriented languages often treat as statements.
Many programming language type systems support subtyping. For instance, if the type Cat
is a subtype of Animal
, then an expression of type Cat
should be substitutable wherever an expression of type Animal
is used.
SIGPLAN is the Association for Computing Machinery's Special Interest Group on programming languages.
In computer science, a type class is a type system construct that supports ad hoc polymorphism. This is achieved by adding constraints to type variables in parametrically polymorphic types. Such a constraint typically involves a type class T
and a type variable a
, and means that a
can only be instantiated to a type whose members support the overloaded operations associated with T
.
A bigraph can be modelled as the superposition of a graph and a set of trees.
QuickCheck is a software library, specifically a combinator library, originally written in the programming language Haskell, designed to assist in software testing by generating test cases for test suites – an approach known as property testing.
Thrift is an interface definition language and binary communication protocol used for defining and creating services for programming languages. It was developed at Facebook. As of 2020, it is an open source project in the Apache Software Foundation.
BSON is a computer data interchange format. The name "BSON" is based on the term JSON and stands for "Binary JSON". It is a binary form for representing simple or complex data structures including associative arrays, integer indexed arrays, and a suite of fundamental scalar types. BSON originated in 2009 at MongoDB. Several scalar data types are of specific interest to MongoDB and the format is used both as a data storage and network transfer format for the MongoDB database, but it can be used independently outside of MongoDB. Implementations are available in a variety of languages such as C, C++, C#, D, Delphi, Erlang, Go, Haskell, Java, JavaScript, Julia, Lua, OCaml, Perl, PHP, Python, Ruby, Rust, Scala, Smalltalk, and Swift.
MessagePack is a computer data interchange format. It is a binary form for representing simple data structures like arrays and associative arrays. MessagePack aims to be as compact and simple as possible. The official implementation is available in a variety of languages such as C, C++, C#, D, Erlang, Go, Haskell, Java, JavaScript (NodeJS), Lua, OCaml, Perl, PHP, Python, Ruby, Rust, Scala, Smalltalk, and Swift.
The table shows a comparison of functional programming languages which compares various features and designs of different functional programming languages.
Rosetta Code is a wiki-based programming chrestomathy website with implementations of common algorithms and solutions to various programming problems in many different programming languages. It is named for the Rosetta Stone, which has the same text inscribed on it in three languages, and thus allowed Egyptian hieroglyphs to be deciphered for the first time.
JSON Web Token is a proposed Internet standard for creating data with optional signature and/or optional encryption whose payload holds JSON that asserts some number of claims. The tokens are signed either using a private secret or a public/private key.
The Computer Language Benchmarks Game is a free software project for comparing how a given subset of simple algorithms can be implemented in various popular programming languages.
Multitier programming is a programming paradigm for distributed software, which typically follows a multitier architecture, physically separating different functional aspects of the software into different tiers. Multitier programming allows functionalities that span multiple of such tiers to be developed in a single compilation unit using a single programming language. Without multitier programming, tiers are developed using different languages, e.g., JavaScript for the Web client, PHP for the Web server and SQL for the database. Multitier programming is often integrated into general-purpose languages by extending them with support for distribution.
In computer science, choreographic programming is a programming paradigm where programs are compositions of interactions among multiple concurrent participants.
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