| Shandong East Circuit | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Traditional Chinese | 山東 東 路 | ||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 山东 东 路 | ||||||
| |||||||
Shandong East Circuit or Shandong East Province was one of the major circuits during the Jin dynasty. Before Jin invaded the area,it was administered as Jingdong East Circuit under the Song dynasty.
The Grand Canal is the longest canal or artificial river in the world and a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Its main artery,known to the Chinese as the Jing–Hang or Beijing–Hangzhou Grand Canal,is reckoned to extend for 1,776 km (1,104 mi) and is divided into 6 main sections. The Jiangnan Canal runs from the Qiantang River at Hangzhou to the Yangtze River at Zhenjiang;the Inner Canal from the Yangtze at Yangzhou to the Huai River at Huai'an,which for centuries was also its junction with the former course of the Yellow River;the Middle Canal from Huai'an to the Nansi Lakes;the Lu Canal from the lakes past Jining and the present course of the Yellow River to the Wei River at Linqing;the Southern Canal from Linqing to the Hai River at Tianjin;and the Northern Canal from Tianjin to Tongzhou on the outskirts of Beijing. As such,it passes through the provinces and municipalities of Zhejiang,Jiangsu,Shandong,Hebei,Tianjin,and Beijing. Since 2013 and 2014,the Chinese government and UNESCO further recognize the Eastern Zhejiang Canal from Hangzhou to Ningbo and certain sites along the former Tongji and Yongji Canals as official components of the Grand Canal.
Shandong is a coastal province of the People's Republic of China and is part of the East China region.
The Battle of Zhongdu was a battle in 1215 between the Mongols and the Jurchen Jin dynasty,which controlled northern China. The Mongols won and continued their conquest of China.
A circuit was a historical political division of China and is a historical and modern administrative unit in Japan. The primary level of administrative division of Korea under the Joseon and in modern North and South Korea employs the same Chinese character as the Chinese and Japanese divisions but,because of its relatively greater importance,is usually translated as province instead.
Jin,originally known as Tang (唐),was a major state during the middle part of the Zhou dynasty,based near the centre of what was then China,on the lands attributed to the legendary Xia dynasty:the southern part of modern Shanxi. Although it grew in power during the Spring and Autumn period,its aristocratic structure saw it break apart when the duke lost power to his nobles. In 403 BC,the Zhou court recognized Jin's three successor states:Han,Zhao,and Wei. The Partition of Jin marks the end of the Spring and Autumn Period and the beginning of the Warring States period.
The Liaodong or Liaotung Peninsula is a peninsula in southern Liaoning province in Northeast China,and makes up the southwestern coastal half of the Liaodong region. It is located between the mouths of the Daliao River in the west and the Yalu River in the east,and encompasses the territories of the whole sub-provincial city of Dalian and parts of prefectural cities of Yingkou,Anshan and Dandong.
Zhu Zhen,often referred to in traditional histories as Emperor Mo of Later Liang and sometimes by his princely title Prince of Jun (均王),néZhu Youzhen (朱友貞),known as Zhu Huang (朱鍠) from 913 to 915,was the third and last emperor of China's Later Liang dynasty during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period,ruling from 913 to 923. He ordered his general Huangfu Lin (皇甫麟) to kill him in 923 when Emperor Zhuangzong of Later Tang,the emperor of Later Liang's enemy Later Tang to the north,was on the cusp of capturing the Later Liang capital Daliang. His death marked the end of Later Liang,which was to be the longest among the Five Dynasties. Despite his ten-year reign being the longest of all the Five Dynasties emperors sources on his era are relatively scarce,as many Later Liang records were destroyed following the Later Tang conquest of the Later Liang.
The people of Shandong province or Shandong people refers to those who are native to Shandong province,the majority (99%) are classified as Han Chinese. They speak various forms of Chinese such as Jilu,Jiaoliao,and Zhongyuan. There is a small Shandong community in Singapore and Malaysia. Nine-tenths of the early overseas Chinese in Korea also came from Shandong. Shandong citizens,are also known to have the tallest average height of any Chinese province. As of 2010,16- to 18-year-old male students in Yantai measured 176.4 cm (5'9.5),while female students measured 164 cm (5'4.5). Provincial average for both genders would be about 1cm less.
The State of Cao was a vassal state in China during the Zhou Dynasty. The state was founded sometime in the 11th century BC by Shu Zhenduo of Cao,a son of King Wen of Zhou and younger brother of King Wu of Zhou. With its capital at Taoqiu (陶丘),the State of Cao covered roughly the area of modern-day Dingtao County,Shandong Province. It was located on the flat country of the North China Plain about 50 miles east of the point where the current course of the Yellow River changes from east to north-east. To the northwest was Wey,to the northeast Lu and to the southeast Song.
Zhu Xuan was a warlord late in the Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty,who,from 882 to 897,controlled Tianping Circuit as its military governor (Jiedushi). He formed a power bloc with his cousin Zhu Jin,who ruled neighboring Taining Circuit,and subsequently,they,along with their ally Shi Pu the military governor of Ganhua Circuit,engaged in a lengthy war with their former ally Zhu Quanzhong the military governor of Xuanwu Circuit that ravaged the countryside. By 897,all three had been defeated,and Zhu Xuan was captured and executed by Zhu Quanzhong.
Jin,also known as Hedong (河東) and Former Jin (前晉) in Chinese historiography,was a dynastic state of China and the predecessor of the Later Tang dynasty. Its princely rulers were the ethnic Shatuo warlords Li Keyong and Li Cunxu. Although the Five Dynasties period began only in 907,Li Keyong's territory which centered around modern Shanxi can be referred to as Jin as early as 896,when he was officially created the Prince of Jin by the failing and powerless Tang dynasty court,or even as early as 883,when he was created the jiedushi military governor of Hedong Circuit,which controlled more or less the same territory.
He Gui,courtesy name Guangyuan (光遠),was a major general for the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period Later Liang state,serving as Later Liang's overall commander of its operations against its archrival Jin from 917 to his death in 919.
Xuzhou as a historical toponym refers to varied area in different eras.
Yang Guangyuan,néAtan (阿檀),later known as Yang Tang (楊檀) before changing his name to Guangyuan,courtesy name Deming (德明),formally the Prince of Qi (齊王),was a general of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period Later Tang and the Later Jinstates. He rebelled against Later Jin in 944,believing that he would prevail with aid from the Khitan Liao dynasty,but after the Liao aid forces were repelled by Later Jin forces,his son Yang Chengxun (楊承勳) put him under arrest and surrendered. He was subsequently killed by soldiers sent by the Later Jin general Li Shouzhen.
The Viceroy of Rivers and Waterways in Jiangnan Overseeing Military Affairs,better known simply as the Viceroy of Southern Rivers or Viceroy of Southern Rivers and Waterways,was a government office in China proper during the Qing dynasty. The office was based in Qingjiangpu (清江浦),which is now a district of Huai'an City,Jiangsu Province. The Viceroy usually held the rank of a deputy first-grade official or a regular second-grade official. The Viceroy was in charge of dredging and embankment projects in the waterways of Jiangsu Province.
Hebei Circuit or Hebei Province was one of the major circuits during the Tang dynasty,Five Dynasties period,and early Song dynasty. During the Tang dynasty it was known as Hebei Dao (河北道),and during the Song dynasty Hebei Lu (河北路),but both dao and lu can be translated as "circuit". In 1042 it was divided into two circuits:Hebei East Circuit and Hebei West Circuit.
Jingdong Circuit or Jingdong Province was one of the major circuits during the Song dynasty. In 1072 it was divided into two circuits:Jingdong East Circuit and Jingdong West Circuit.
Duan Qi was a kingdom located in Shandong peninsula of northern China during the Sixteen Kingdoms period. It was founded by Duan Kan,a member from the Duan tribe of Xianbei people. In 350,Ran Min overthrew the Later Zhao kingdom and caused chaos in the North China Plain. Duan Kan took this chance to lead his people to the city of Guanggu in Shandong and established Duan Qi kingdom. Duan Kan did not claim to be an emperor because he regarded the emperor of Jin dynasty as the son of heaven. In 351,Duan Qi became a vassal state of Jin dynasty after the emperor of Jin appointed Duan Kan to be the Zhenbei General and Duke of Qi. However,Duan Qi was still considered to be an independent state since Jin had no direct control on it.
Shandong is a province of China. In Wade-Giles,it is romanized as Shan-tung (disambiguation).
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