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The field of psychology has extensively studied homosexuality as a human sexual orientation. The American Psychiatric Association listed homosexuality in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) in 1952,but that classification came under scrutiny in research funded by the National Institute of Mental Health. That research and subsequent studies consistently failed to produce any empirical or scientific basis for regarding homosexuality as anything other than a natural and normal sexual orientation that is a healthy and positive expression of human sexuality. As a result of this scientific research,the American Psychiatric Association declassified homosexuality as a mental disorder in 1973. Upon a thorough review of the scientific data,the American Psychological Association followed in 1975 and also called on all mental health professionals to take the lead in "removing the stigma of mental illness that has long been associated" with homosexuality. In 1993,the National Association of Social Workers adopted the same position as the American Psychiatric Association and the American Psychological Association,in recognition of scientific evidence. The World Health Organization,which listed homosexuality in the ICD-9 in 1977,removed homosexuality from the ICD-10 which was endorsed by the 43rd World Health Assembly on 17 May 1990.
Homophobia encompasses a range of negative attitudes and feelings toward homosexuality or people who are identified or perceived as being lesbian,gay or bisexual. It has been defined as contempt,prejudice,aversion,hatred or antipathy,may be based on irrational fear and may also be related to religious beliefs. Negative attitudes towards transgender and transsexual people are known as transphobia.
Ego-dystonic sexual orientation is a highly controversial mental health diagnosis that was included in the American Psychiatric Association's (APA) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) from 1980 to 1987 and in the World Health Organization's (WHO) International Classification of Diseases (ICD) from 1990 to 2019. Individuals could be diagnosed with ego-dystonic sexual orientation if their sexual orientation or attractions were at odds with their idealized self-image,causing anxiety and a desire to change their orientation or become more comfortable with it. It describes not innate sexual orientation itself,but a conflict between the sexual orientation a person wished to have and their actual sexual orientation.
LGBT parenting refers to lesbian,gay,bisexual,and transgender (LGBT) people raising one or more children as parents or foster care parents. This includes:children raised by same-sex couples,children raised by single LGBT parents,and children raised by an opposite-sex couple where at least one partner is LGBT.
Ritch C. Savin-Williams,Ph.D.,is professor emeritus of developmental psychology at Cornell University who specializes in gay,lesbian,and bisexual research involving adolescents.
The questioning of one's sexual orientation,sexual identity,gender,or all three is a process of exploration by people who may be unsure,still exploring,or concerned about applying a social label to themselves for various reasons. The letter "Q" is sometimes added to the end of the acronym LGBT;the "Q" can refer to either queer or questioning.
Gregory M. Herek is a researcher,author,and professor of psychology at the University of California at Davis (UCD). He has conducted extensive research on prejudice against sexual minorities,and coined the term sexual prejudice as a replacement for homophobia to describe this phenomenon. Herek argued that using the term homophobia incorrectly assumes that negative responses to lesbian,gay,and bisexual people are founded in pathological,irrational fear,whereas psychological research indicates they are more accurately regarded as a form of prejudice. Herek is an openly and prominent gay psychologist. Herek is considered one of the most influential scholars of sexual minorities.
Gay affirmative psychotherapy is a form of psychotherapy for non-heterosexual people,specifically gay and lesbian clients,which focuses on client comfort in working towards authenticity and self-acceptance regarding sexual orientation,and does not attempt to "change" them to heterosexual,or to "eliminate or diminish" same-sex "desires and behaviors". The American Psychological Association (APA) offers guidelines and materials for gay affirmative psychotherapy. Affirmative psychotherapy affirms that homosexuality or bisexuality is not a mental disorder,in accordance with global scientific consensus. In fact,embracing and affirming gay identity can be a key component to recovery from other mental illnesses or substance abuse. Clients whose religious beliefs are interpreted as teaching against homosexual behavior may require some other method of integration of their possibly conflicting religious and sexual selves.
Bisexuality is a romantic or sexual attraction or behavior toward both males and females,or to more than one gender. It may also be defined to include romantic or sexual attraction to people regardless of their sex or gender identity,which is also known as pansexuality.
Sexual fluidity is one or more changes in sexuality or sexual identity. Sexual orientation is stable and unchanging for the vast majority of people,but some research indicates that some people may experience change in their sexual orientation,and this is slightly more likely for women than for men. There is no scientific evidence that sexual orientation can be changed through psychotherapy. Sexual identity can change throughout an individual's life,and may or may not align with biological sex,sexual behavior or actual sexual orientation.
Kevin Nadal is an author,activist,comedian,and Distinguished Professor of Psychology at John Jay College of Criminal Justice and The Graduate Center of the City University of New York. He is a researcher and expert on the effects of microaggressions on racial/ethnic minorities and LGBTQ people.
Dorothy Riddle is an American-Canadian psychologist,feminist and economic development specialist. She is known as the author of the Riddle homophobia scale and published work on women's studies,homophobia,services and metaphysics.
Arlene Istar Lev is a North American clinical social worker,family therapist,and educator. She is an independent scholar,who has lectured internationally on topics related to sexual orientation and gender identity,sexuality,and LGBTQ families.
Bonnie Ruth Strickland is known for her contributions to the psychology community. From her decades long career at Emory University and University of Massachusetts Amherst to her time as the president of the American Psychological Association (APA) she has contributed a great deal to clinical psychology,social psychology,and feminism.
Sharon Lamb,is an American professor in the Department of Counseling and School Psychology at the University of Massachusetts Boston's,College of Education and Human Development,and a fellow of the American Psychological Association (APA). She also sits on the editorial board of the academic journals Feminism &Psychology, and Sexualization,Media,and Society.
Lisa M. Diamond is an American psychologist and feminist. She is a professor of developmental psychology,health psychology and gender studies at the University of Utah. Her research focuses on sexual orientation development,sexual identity,and bonding.
LGBT psychology is a field of psychology of surrounding the lives of LGBTQ individuals,in the particular the diverse range of psychological perspectives and experiences of these individuals. It covers different aspects such as identity development including the coming out process,parenting and family practices and support for LGBTQ individuals,as well as issues of prejudice and discrimination involving the LGBTQ community.
Beverly Greene is a professor in the Department of Psychology at St. John's University. She is a clinical psychologist known for her work on sexism,racism,and analyzing the intersectionality of social identities. As a specialist in the psychology of women and of gender and racial issues in the practice of psychotherapy,Greene has also created many public health frameworks for understanding mental health in marginalized communities. She is the author of close to 100 psychological literature publications. Greene is involved with the Association for Women in Psychology and the Society for the Psychology of Women. She is one of sixteen women to have received the Distinguished Publication Award (DPA) from the Association for Women in Psychology in 2008.
Dawn Marie Szymanski is an American psychologist. She is a Full professor and Editor-In-Chief of the Society for the Psychology of Women's journal,Psychology of Women Quarterly.
Margaret Rosario is a clinical psychologist who studies the development of sexual identity and health disparities associated with sexual orientation. Rosario was President of the American Psychological Association (APA) Division 44,the Society for Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity,from 2017-2018. Rosario received the APA Award for Distinguished Contributions to Ethnic Minority Issues in 2008. and the Society for the Scientific Study of Sexuality Distinguished Scientific Achievement Award in 2021.
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 "Sharon Horne - University of Massachusetts Boston". www.umb.edu. Retrieved 2019-10-04.
- ↑ "Sharon Horne. Scientific Committee — European Congress of Psychology - 2019". ecp2019.ru. Retrieved 2019-10-12.
- ↑ ""My Brother's Body," by Sharon Horne | Superstition Review". superstitionreview.asu.edu. Retrieved 2019-12-03.
- 1 2 "PsycNET". psycnet.apa.org. Retrieved 2019-12-12.
- ↑ "Counseling Professor Sharon Horne Wins Award for Inspiring Students - University of Massachusetts Boston". www.umb.edu. Retrieved 2019-10-14.
- ↑ "Elizabeth Hurlock Beckman Award Trust". American Psychological Association. Retrieved 2019-12-03.
- ↑ "ICP Awards - Society of Counseling Psychology, Division 17". www.div17.org. Retrieved 2019-12-12.
- ↑ "American University of Central Asia - AUCA - Awards". www.auca.kg. Retrieved 2019-12-12.
- ↑ "Sharon Horne". Fulbright Scholar Program.
- ↑ "6 questions for Sharon G. Horne". American Psychological Association. Retrieved 2019-12-12.
- ↑ "APA announces 2020 International Award winners". American Psychological Association. February 26, 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.