The Black Death was a bubonic plague pandemic occurring in Europe from 1346 to 1353. One of the most fatal pandemics in human history,as many as 50 million people perished,perhaps 50% of Europe's 14th century population. Bubonic plague is caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis and spread by fleas. One of the most significant events in European history,the Black Death had far-reaching population,economic,and cultural impacts. It was the beginning of the second plague pandemic. The plague created religious,social and economic upheavals,with profound effects on the course of European history.
The cave bear is a prehistoric species of bear that lived in Europe and Asia during the Pleistocene and became extinct about 24,000 years ago during the Last Glacial Maximum.
The plague of Justinian or Justinianic plague was an epidemic that afflicted the entire Mediterranean Basin,Europe,and the Near East,severely affecting the Sasanian Empire and the Byzantine Empire,especially Constantinople. The plague is named for the Byzantine Emperor Justinian I,who according to his court historian Procopius contracted the disease and recovered in 542,at the height of the epidemic which killed about a fifth of the population in the imperial capital. The contagion arrived in Roman Egypt in 541,spread around the Mediterranean Sea until 544,and persisted in Northern Europe and the Arabian Peninsula until 549. By 543,the plague had spread to every corner of the empire. As the first episode of the first plague pandemic,it had profound economic,social,and political effects across Europe and the Near East and cultural and religious impact on Eastern Roman society.
Osteology is the scientific study of bones,practised by osteologists. A subdiscipline of anatomy,anthropology,and paleontology,osteology is the detailed study of the structure of bones,skeletal elements,teeth,microbone morphology,function,disease,pathology,the process of ossification from cartilaginous molds,and the resistance and hardness of bones (biophysics).
Axel Lennart Wenner-Gren was a Swedish entrepreneur and one of the wealthiest men in the world during the 1930s.
The term bioarchaeology has been attributed to British archaeologist Grahame Clark who,in 1972,defined it as the study of animal and human bones from archaeological sites. Redefined in 1977 by Jane Buikstra,bioarchaeology in the United States now refers to the scientific study of human remains from archaeological sites,a discipline known in other countries as osteoarchaeology,osteology or palaeo-osteology. Compared to bioarchaeology,osteoarchaeology is the scientific study that solely focus on the human skeleton. The human skeleton is used to tell us about health,lifestyle,diet,mortality and physique of the past. Furthermore,palaeo-osteology is simply the study of ancient bones.
Paleopathology,also spelled palaeopathology,is the study of ancient diseases and injuries in organisms through the examination of fossils,mummified tissue,skeletal remains,and analysis of coprolites. Specific sources in the study of ancient human diseases may include early documents,illustrations from early books,painting and sculpture from the past. All these objects provide information on the evolution of diseases as well as how past civilizations treated conditions. Studies have historically focused on humans,although there is no evidence that humans are more prone to pathologies than any other animal.
Mildred Trotter was an American pioneer as a forensic historian and forensic anthropologist.
Prehistoric demography,palaeodemography or archaeological demography is the study of human and hominid demography in prehistory.
George J. Armelagos was an American anthropologist,and Goodrich C. White Professor of Anthropology at Emory University in Atlanta,Georgia. Armelagos significantly impacted the field of physical anthropology and biological anthropology. His work has provided invaluable contributions to the theoretical and methodological understanding human disease,diet and human variation within an evolutionary context. Relevant topics include epidemiology,paleopathology,paleodemography,bioarchaeology,evolutionary medicine,and the social interpretations of race,among others.
Sharon Hammes-Schiffer is a physical chemist who has contributed to theoretical and computational chemistry. She is currently a Sterling Professor of Chemistry at Yale University. She has served as senior editor and deputy editor of the Journal of Physical Chemistry and advisory editor for Theoretical Chemistry Accounts. As of 1 January 2015 she is editor-in-chief of Chemical Reviews.
Leslie Crum Aiello is an American paleoanthropologist and professor emeritus of University College London. She was the president of Axel Lennart Wenner-Gren donated Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research from 2005 to 2017. In 2014,Aiello was elected to the American Philosophical Society. She is currently president of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists.
Medieval Bioarchaeology is the study of human remains recovered from medieval archaeological sites. Bioarchaeology aims to understand populations through the analysis of human skeletal remains and this application of bioarchaeology specifically aims to understand medieval populations. There is an interest in the Medieval Period when it comes to bioarchaeology,because of how differently people lived back then as opposed to now,in regards to not only their everyday life,but during times of war and famine as well. The biology and behavior of those that lived in the Medieval Period can be analyzed by understanding their health and lifestyle choices.
Sydel Finfer Silverman Wolf was an American anthropologist notable for her work as a researcher,writer,and advocate for the archival preservation of anthropological research. Silverman's early research focused on the study of complex societies and the history of anthropology. This work involved conducting anthropological research in Central Italy,with a focus on traditional agrarian systems,land reform,and festivals in central Italy. She later became active as an administrator,advocating for the study of cultural anthropology and an important force within the community where she organized discussions and symposia around the topic of preserving the anthropological records.
Rachel J. Watkins is an American biocultural anthropologist and educator. Her research focuses on the physiological impact of poverty and inequality on the human body,with an emphasis "on the biological and social history of African Americans living in the 19th and 20th century urban US".
Christine Hastorf is an archaeologist and is currently Professor in the Anthropology department at the University of California,Berkeley. Her research focuses on agriculture,political complexity,gender,archaeobotany,and the archaeology of the Andes.
Maxine Kamari Clarke is a Canadian-American scholar with family roots in Jamaica. As of 2020,she is a distinguished professor at the Centre for Criminology &Sociolegal Studies and the Centre for Diaspora &Transnational Studies at the University of Toronto. In 2021,she was named a Guggenheim Fellow.
Rebecca Gowland is a bioarchaeologist. She is a Professor of Archaeology at Durham University.
Near Eastern bioarchaeology covers the study of human skeletal remains from archaeological sites in Cyprus,Egypt,Levantine coast,Jordan,Turkey,Iran,Saudi Arabia,Qatar,Kuwait,Bahrain,United Arab Emirates,Oman,and Yemen.
Emma Mbua is a Kenyan Paleoanthropologist and a curator,who is the first East African woman to work as a paleoanthropologist.
