| Siege of Kulacahisar | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Ottoman-Byzantine Wars | |||||||||
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| Belligerents | |||||||||
 Kayi tribe |  Byzantium | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
| Osman Gazi, Turgut Alp, Konur Alp, Akçakoca and Abdurrahman Gazi | Aya Nikola | ||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
| 300 gazis [1] | 1,000 [2] | ||||||||
The Siege of Kulacahisar or Raid of Kulacahisar was a battle fought between the Byzantines and the Turks under the command of Osman Gazi in 1285 for control of Fort Kulaca. [3] [4]
After the Reconquest of Constantinople, the Byzantine capital returned to Constantinople and their authority on the Anatolian frontiers was loosened. When Osman Bey came to power in the Kayi Tribe following the death of his father Ertuğrul Gazi, he established friendly relations with the Tekfurs of Yenisehir and Lefke. The landlord of Inegol, Aya Nikola was determined to reverse the enroachment of the Turks upon Bithynia and started plundering Kayi markets. When Osman Bey moved towards Inegol seeking retribution, he was ambushed at the Battle of Mount Armenia by Nikola and his retinue. The Kayi were vastly outnumbered so sustained heavy casualties. Even Bayhoca, son of his brother Savcı Bey and a renowned warrior, was killed. The Turkish cavalry managed to escape with their sword high to break the Byzantine line. There was no winner to this battle as both sides had to retreat back into their own lands and regroup.
As revenge for all those slain on the mountain, Osman attacked the Byzantine-held Kulacahisar Castle, which is 5 kilometers away from Inegöl and located on the outskirts of Emirdağ to protect the city. A few men snuck into the fortress disguised as Romans, neutralized the guards and opened the gates. As a result of a night raid with a force of 2,000, the castle was captured by the Turks. This is the first castle conquered in the history of the Ottoman Empire. [5] Since the captured Christian people of Kulaca Hisar accepted the rule of Osman Bey, they were not harmed. [6]
Osman I or Osman Ghazi was the eponymous founder of the Ottoman Empire. While initially a small Turkoman principality during Osman's lifetime, his beylik transformed into a vast empire in the centuries after his death. It existed until 1922 shortly after the end of World War I, when the sultanate was abolished.
Orhan Ghazi was the second sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1323/4 to 1362. He was born in Söğüt, as the son of Osman I.
Ertuğrul or Ertuğrul Ghazi was a 13th-century uch bey (marcher-lord), who was the father of Osman I. Little is known about Ertuğrul's life. According to Ottoman tradition, he was the son of Suleyman Shah, the leader of the Kayı tribe of the Oghuz Turks. These Turkomans fled from western Central Asia to Anatolia to escape the Mongol conquests, but he may instead have been the son of Gündüz Alp. According to this legend, after the death of his father, Ertuğrul and his followers entered the service of the Sultanate of Rum, for which he was rewarded with dominion over the town of Söğüt on the frontier with the Byzantine Empire. This set off the chain of events that would ultimately lead to the founding of the Ottoman Empire.
Söğüt is a town in Bilecik Province, Turkey. It is the seat of Söğüt District. Its population is 13,566 (2021). The mayor is İsmet Sever (MHP), elected in 2019.
The rise of the Ottoman Empire is a period of history that started with the emergence of the Ottoman principality in c. 1299, and ended c. 1453. This period witnessed the foundation of a political entity ruled by the Ottoman Dynasty in the northwestern Anatolian region of Bithynia, and its transformation from a small principality on the Byzantine frontier into an empire spanning the Balkans, Anatolia, Middle East and North Africa. For this reason, this period in the empire's history has been described as the "Proto-Imperial Era". Throughout most of this period, the Ottomans were merely one of many competing states in the region, and relied upon the support of local warlords Ghazis and vassals (Beys) to maintain control over their realm. By the middle of the fifteenth century the Ottoman sultans were able to accumulate enough personal power and authority to establish a centralized imperial state, a process which was achieved by Sultan Mehmed II. The conquest of Constantinople in 1453 is seen as the symbolic moment when the emerging Ottoman state shifted from a mere principality into an empire therefore marking a major turning point in its history.
Suleyman Shah was, according to Ottoman tradition, the son of Kaya Alp and the father of Ertuğrul, who was the father of Osman I, the founder of the Ottoman Empire. Early Ottoman genealogies disputed this lineage, and either Suleyman Shah or Gündüz Alp could be Osman's grandfather and the father of Ertuğrul. An Ottoman tomb initially in or near Qal'at Ja'bar has historically been associated with Suleyman Shah. He succeeded his father as bey in 1214 when he decided to lead the 50,000 strong tribe West in the face of Mongol invasion. After migrating to the North Caucasus, thousands of Kayis settled in Erzincan and Ahlat in 1214, while some of the other Kayi groups dispersed in Diyarbakir, Mardin, and Urfa.
The Battle of Bapheus occurred on 27 July 1302, between an Ottoman army under Osman I and a Byzantine army under George Mouzalon. The battle ended in a crucial Ottoman victory, cementing the Ottoman state and heralding the final capture of Byzantine Bithynia by the Ottomans.
The Battle of Kruševac was fought on October 2, 1454 between the forces of the Serbian Despotate, allied with the Kingdom of Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire.
Köse Mihal accompanied Osman I in his ascent to power as a bey and founder of the Ottoman Empire. He is considered to be the first significant Byzantine renegade and convert to Islam to enter Ottoman service.
The Battle of Dinboz or Dimbos(Turkish: Dimbos Muharebesi) took place between the Ottoman Beylik and the Byzantine Empire in 1303.
Hayme Hatun, also known as Hayma Ana, was the grandmother of Osman I, founder of the Ottoman Empire and the mother of Ertuğrul Gazi, Gündoğdu and the leader of the Kayı clan of the Oghuz Turks. She was bestowed and known by the title of Devlet Ana of the Ottoman Empire.
Turgut Bey was one of the warriors and Bey's who fought for Ertuğrul, a Turkoman leader and bey, and Ertuğrul's son Osman I, the founder of the Ottoman Empire. After the establishment of the Empire, he became one of its military commanders, serving Osman I, as well as his son, Orhan Gazi.
Kuruluş: Osman, translated as Establishment: Osman, is a historical fiction Turkish television series produced by Bozdağ Film. It tells the story of the life of Osman I, founder of the Ottoman Empire.
Saru Batu Savcı Bey was the older brother of Osman I, the founder of the Ottoman Empire. He is known to be the most 'mysterious' of Ertuğrul's children.
The second season of the Turkish TV series Kuruluş: Osman, created by Mehmet Bozdağ, premiered on 7 October 2020 and concluded on 23 June 2021.
Abdurrahman Gazi was a warrior of Ertuğrul. He also had a military career with Osman I and with his son Orhan Gazi. He was one of the early commanders of the Ottoman Empire, along with the likes of Turgut Alp and Konur Alp. He was the conqueror of Aydos Castle which he conquered in 1328. He is famous for this conquest with a story of a Byzantine girl.
Osman Bey is the main protagonist in the Turkish TV series, Kuruluş: Osman, portrayed by Burak Özçivit. He also appears as a supporting character in its predecessor, Diriliş: Ertuğrul, where he is played by Emre Üçtepe. The character is based on Osman I, founder of the Ottoman Empire.
The siege of İnegöl took place between Agios Nikolaos, the governor of the fort, and the Kayı army under the command of Turgut Bey. This conquest was one of the first conquests in Ottoman history after the siege of Kulaca Hisar. After the end of the siege, Tekfur Nikolaos was executed by Turgut Alp. The conquest took place in 1299. This battle triggered the Battle of Bapheus, where the Byzantines attempted to reconquer the lost territory, which in turn led to the siege Of Bursa eventually leading to the establishment of Ottoman Beylik.
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