The Crimean War was fought from October 1853 to February 1856 between the Russian Empire and an ultimately victorious alliance of the Ottoman Empire, France, the United Kingdom, and Sardinia-Piedmont. Geopolitical causes of the war included the decline of the Ottoman Empire, the expansion of Russia in the preceding Russo-Turkish Wars, and the British and French preference to preserve the Ottoman Empire to maintain the balance of power in the Concert of Europe. The flashpoint was a disagreement over the rights of Christian minorities in Palestine, then part of the Ottoman Empire, with the French promoting the rights of Roman Catholics, and Russia promoting those of the Eastern Orthodox Church. However, this served only as a pretense for the war; in fact, the countries were fighting over who would rule the Ottoman Empire.
General Sir William Fenwick Williams, 1st Baronet of Kars was a Nova Scotian military leader for the British during the Victorian era.
The Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) was a conflict between the Ottoman Empire and a coalition led by the Russian Empire which included Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro. Additional factors included the Russian goals of recovering territorial losses endured during the Crimean War of 1853–1856, re-establishing itself in the Black Sea and supporting the political movement attempting to free Balkan nations from the Ottoman Empire. The Romanian army had around 114,000 soldiers in the war. In Romania the war is called the Russo-Romanian-Turkish War (1877–1878) or the Romanian War of Independence (1877–1878).
The Battle of Sinop, or the Battle of Sinope, was a naval battle that took place on 30 November 1853 between Imperial Russia and the Ottoman Empire during the opening phase of the Crimean War (1853–1856). It took place at Sinop, a sea port on the southern shore of the Black Sea. A Russian squadron attacked and decisively defeated an Ottoman squadron anchored in Sinop's harbor. The Russian force consisted of six ships of the line, two frigates and three armed steamers, led by Admiral Pavel Nakhimov; the Ottoman defenders were seven frigates, three corvettes and two armed steamers, commanded by Vice Admiral Osman Pasha.
The siege of Sevastopol lasted from October 1854 until September 1855, during the Crimean War. The allies landed at Eupatoria on 14 September 1854, intending to make a triumphal march to Sevastopol, the capital of the Crimea, with 50,000 men. Major battles along the way were Alma, Balaklava, Inkerman, Tchernaya, Redan, and, finally, Malakoff. During the siege, the allied navy undertook six bombardments of the capital, on 17 October 1854; and on 9 April, 6 June, 17 June, 17 August, and 5 September 1855.
Abdülkerim Nadir Pasha (1807–1883), also known as Çırpanlı Abdi Pasha or Abdul Kerim Pasha, son of Ahmed Pasha, was an Ottoman military commander, born in Chirpan, Ottoman Bulgaria.
Omer Pasha, also known as Omer Pasha Latas was an Ottoman field marshal and governor. Born in the Austrian Empire to Serbian Orthodox Christian parents, he initially served as an Austrian soldier. When faced with charges of embezzlement, he fled to Ottoman Bosnia in 1823 and converted to Islam; he then joined the Ottoman army, where he quickly rose through the ranks. Latas crushed several rebellions all across the Ottoman Empire. He served as the main commander of the Crimean War, where he defeated the Russians at Giurgevo, regaining control of Bucharest and the Danubian Principalities, pushing the Russians outside of the Danube. Latas spearheaded notable victories at Oltenița, Cetate, Eupatoria, Sukhumi, and Sevastopol. As a commander, he was noted for his excellent strategic and diplomatic skills.
The Battle of Eupatoria occurred on 17 February 1855 during the Crimean War when the army of the Russian Empire unsuccessfully attempted to capture the Crimean port city of Eupatoria held by the forces of the Ottoman Empire.
The Battle of Akhaltsikhe during the Russo-Turkish War, 1828–1829, may refer to one of the following. Firstly, an offensive battle under the walls of Akhaltsikhe on August 21, 1828, between 9,000 Russians under Field-Marshal Paskevich on the offensive and 30,000 Turks under Kios-Mahomet-Pasha. The Russians were victorious by a swift and surprise attack in a heavy thunderstorm. They then successfully stormed the Akhaltsikhe Castle after a week-long siege. Secondly, a successful Russian defense of the same fortress by a garrison under General Nicholas Muravyov from a 20,000 Turkish force under Ahmed-Bey on March 3–16, 1829, during the same conflict.
The siege of Izmail or Ismail / Ishmael / İzmail, also called the storming of Izmail, was a military action fought in 1790 on the Black Sea during the Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792) and simultaneously the Austro-Turkish War (1788–91). The Russians were led by Alexander Suvorov, who had defeated the Ottomans at Kinburn, Focsani, and Rymnik, as well as participating in the siege of Ochakov. The Black Sea rowing flotilla was commanded by the Spanish admiral José de Ribas. It is regarded as one of Suvorov's finest victories and one of the greatest deeds in world military history.
Arshak Ter-Gukasov was a Lieutenant-General of the Russian Empire. Born to an Armenian family in Tiflis, he started his military career in 1850 and was subsequently involved in the Caucasian War. After being promoted to the rank of lieutenant general, and serving various governmental posts, he was then assigned as the Yerevan Forces commander of Russia's army during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878. Owing to his successes in battle, Arshak Ter-Gukasov was awarded medals by Imperial Russia and other foreign powers.
Antoni Aleksander Iliński, also known as Iskender Pasha, was a Polish-Ottoman military officer and general. A Polish independence activist and insurgent, he took part in the independence struggles of Poles and Hungarians against the Austrian-Russian alliance. He converted to Islam in 1844 and subsequently served in various commanding posts in the Ottoman Army during the reign of Abdulmejid I (1839–1861) in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Danube, Crimea, Transcaucasia, and Baghdad. He was promoted to the rank of pasha (general) during the Crimean War in 1855.
The Battle of Oltenița was fought on 4 November 1853 and was the first engagement of the Crimean War. In this battle an Ottoman army under the command of Omar Pasha was defending its fortified positions from the Russian forces led by General Peter Dannenberg, until the Russians were ordered to withdraw. The Russian attack was called off just when they reached the Ottoman fortifications, and they retreated in good order, but suffered heavy losses. The Ottomans held their positions, but did not pursue the enemy, and later retreated to the other side of Danube.
The siege of Silistria, or siege of Silistra, took place during the Crimean War, from 11 May to 23 June 1854, when Russian forces besieged the Ottoman fortress of Silistria. Sustained Ottoman resistance had allowed French and British troops to build up a significant army in nearby Varna. Under additional pressure from Austria, the Russian command, which was about to launch a final assault on the fortress town, was ordered to lift the siege and retreat from the area, thus ending the Danubian phase of the Crimean War.
Mehmet Vasıf Pasha Gürcü was an Ottoman field marshal and administrator of ethnic Georgian background.
The Sebastopol Monument is a triumphal arch that is located in the Old Burial Ground, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. The arch commemorates the Siege of Sevastopol (1854–1855), which is one of the last classic sieges of all time. This arch is the 4th oldest war monument in Canada (1860). It is the only monument to the Crimean War in North America. The arch and lion were built in 1860 by stone sculptor George Lang to commemorate British victory in the Crimean war and the Nova Scotians who had fought in the war.
Nikolay Nikolayevich Muravyov-Karsky was an Imperial Russian military officer and General of the Russian Army. A member of the mighty Muravyov family. He became famous for the capture of Kars in the Crimean War, for which he was unofficially nicknamed Karsky.
Humphry Sandwith IV was an English army physician, known also as a writer and activist.
The Egypt Eyalet began a military intervention in Crimea at the request of the Ottoman Sultan Abdulmejid I after the Russian armies crossed the Prut River in 1853, they occupied the states of Wallachia and Moldavia, and peaceful efforts failed to resolve the deteriorating situation.
The battle of Küçük Kaynarca, also known as the battle of Kaynarca, was a major battle during the Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774). It was fought between the units of Otto Weismann, one of Catherine the Great's finest generals, and Ottoman soldiers under the command of Numan Pasha.
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