Siege of Maiozamalcha | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Part of the Julian's Persian War | |||||||
| |||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||
Julian Hormizd | Anabdatès/Nabdates [1] | ||||||
Casualties and losses | |||||||
Unknown | Entire city |
During the siege of Maiozamalcha (or Maogamalcha), 363 CE, the Roman army under Emperor Julian stormed, pillaged, and destroyed the city of Maiozamalcha, before continuing onward to the Sasanian capital of Ctesiphon. [2] [3]
In the year A.D. 363 the Roman Emperor Julian, hoping to avenge Roman defeats under his predecessor Constantius II and to establish his fame by accomplishing what had never been done by a Roman before - the subjection of the east - invaded the dominions of Shapur II, king of Persia. [4] Assembling his strength at Carrhae in the Roman province of Mesopotamia, Julian divided his forces. While a part of the army (30,000 men, according to Ammianus Marcellinus) was dispatched north-east under his cousin Procopius and Count Sebastian to enlist the aid of Arshak II of Armenia for a march down the Tigris to Ctesiphon; Julian himself, with a larger force (65,000), penetrated Assyria to the south, proceeding along the Euphrates from Callinicum with the same ultimate destination. He crossed the frontier at Circesium, where it had been established by the peace of Diocletian, leaving a numerous detachment to secure his rear (10,000). [5] Caught off guard by the force and direction of Julian's invasion, Shapur had failed to assemble forces in time for the defence of Assyria, and the former, in his course through the province, experienced a purely nominal resistance. Cavalry harried his wings, and the dykes and canals were released by the enemy to flood the country. However, these obstacles were surmounted; Anah capitulated; Macepracta was subdued; Pirisabora was reduced and sacked, and Julian promptly arrived under the walls of Maiozamalcha, a strongly fortified place 11 miles from the Persian capital of Ctesiphon. [6]
The formidable defenses and strong garrison of the fortress of Maiozamalcha, determined Julian to effect its capture. A train of catapults and siege engines had attended the emperor's march through Assyria, and Julian employed them in vain against the impregnable fortifications; the frontal assault turned out to be a distraction from his real device. While the assault on the walls was repelled by a vigorous Persian defense, a mine was surreptitiously built under the very feet of defenders thanks to Julian's engineers, by means of which three cohorts, or 1,500 of the elite of the Roman soldiers, crept into the heart of the city. The city was instantly captured from the inside out with no mercy shown towards the astonished defenders or populace, who before its fall had - in insolent assurance - insulted Julian's arms and ally, the renegade prince of the Persian royal house, Hormisdas (or Hormizd). [7]
Obsidional crowns were conferred on the bravest of the troops, in accordance with ancient practice. [8] The adjacent palaces and gardens of the Persian monarchy were despoiled and burnt; [9] and the capital, Ctesiphon, was exposed to Julian's hostile intents. Ultimately, the siege of that city was unsuccessful, though Julian crossed the Tigris and defeated the Persians in the field before retiring from before the adamant walls of the capital of the Sassanids. The lateness of the season, the revived forces of Shapur, and the treacherous advice of a captive Persian, by which the baggage and the river fleet were burnt, contributed to render Julian's position untenable, the northern army having failed to join him due to Tiran's resentment, [10] and the expedition ended in disaster after Julian's death on the battlefield.
Julian was the Caesar of the West from 355 to 360 and Roman emperor from 361 to 363, as well as a notable philosopher and author in Greek. His rejection of Christianity, and his promotion of Neoplatonic Hellenism in its place, caused him to be remembered as Julian the Apostate in Christian tradition. He is sometimes referred to as Julian the Philosopher.
Valens was Roman emperor from 364 to 378. Following a largely unremarkable military career, he was named co-emperor by his elder brother Valentinian I, who gave him the eastern half of the Roman Empire to rule. In 378, Valens was defeated and killed at the Battle of Adrianople against the invading Goths, which astonished contemporaries and marked the beginning of barbarian encroachment into Roman territory.
Shapur II, also known as Shapur the Great, was the tenth Sasanian King of Kings (Shahanshah) of Iran. He took the title at birth and held it until his death at age 70, making him the longest-reigning monarch in Iranian history. He was the son of Hormizd II.
Jovian was Roman emperor from June 363 to February 364. As part of the imperial bodyguard, he accompanied Julian on his campaign against the Sasanian Empire. Julian was killed in battle, and the exhausted and ill-provisioned army declared Jovian his successor. Unable to cross the Tigris, Jovian made peace with the Sasanids on humiliating terms. He spent the rest of his seven-month reign traveling back to Constantinople. After his arrival at Edessa, Jovian was petitioned by bishops over doctrinal issues concerning Christianity. Albeit the last emperor to rule the whole Empire during his entire reign, he died at Dadastana, never having reached the capital.
Battle, fall, siege or sack of Ctesiphon may refer to:
The siege of Amida was a military investment of the Roman fortified frontier city of Amida by the Sasanian Empire. It took place in AD 359 when the Sasanian army under king Shapur II invaded the eastern provinces of the Roman Empire. Shapur wanted to exploit the absence of the Roman Emperor Constantius II who was overseeing affairs in the western part of the Empire. The city fell, but the strategic gain was little.
The Battle of Ctesiphon took place on 29 May 363 between the armies of Roman Emperor Julian and an army of the Sasanian Empire outside the walls of the Persian capital Ctesiphon. The battle was a Roman victory, but eventually the Roman forces found themselves unable to continue their campaign as they were too far from their supply lines.
Assyria was a short-lived Roman province in Mesopotamia that was created by Trajan in 116 during his campaign against the Parthian Empire. After Trajan's death, the newly proclaimed emperor Hadrian ordered the evacuation of Assyria in 118.
Mesopotamia was the name of a Roman province, initially a short-lived creation of the Roman emperor Trajan in 116–117 and then re-established by Emperor Septimius Severus in c. 198. Control of the province was subsequently fought over between the Roman and the Sassanian empires until the Muslim conquests of the 7th century.
The siege of Pirisabora took place when the Roman Emperor Julian besieged the fortified city of Pirisabora under Mamersides in April 363.
Maogamalcha or Maiozamalcha was a fortress located in Mesopotamia. It was attacked and taken by the Roman Emperor Julian. It appears to have been strongly fortified and well defended. Zosimus evidently alludes to the same place, though he does not mention it by name, and states it was about 90 stadia from Ctesiphon. The fortress of Maogamalcha is described as having sixteen large towers or bastions, the solid walls were made of brick and bitumen. Along the walls was a deep ditch which prevented armies from actually climbing into the fortifications. It was constructed at a distance of eleven miles, in the outskirts far from the capital of Persia. After taking the fortress Emperor Julian ordered for the governor to be burnt alive, on the grounds that he had uttered disrespectful words against Hormisdas.
Merena was a 4th-century Iranian military officer active during the reign of the Sasanian king (shah) Shapur II. According to the Iranologist Touraj Daryaee, Merena's real name may have been Mihrān, thus making him a member of the House of Mihran, one of the Seven Great Houses of Iran. He was a cavalry commander in the Sasanian army in the course of the Roman-Persian Wars soon after the Battle of Ctesiphon in 363, which took place outside the Sasanian capital Ctesiphon in the province of Asoristan. As cavalry commander, he also appeared in the Battle of Maranga.
The Battle of Bagavan or the Battle of Vagabanta was fought in 371 near the settlement of Bagavan, in the district of Bagrevand in Greater Armenia, between a joint Roman-Armenian force and a Sassanid army, with the Romans and Armenians emerging victorious. It is recorded by the Roman historian Ammianus Marcellinus, as well as the Armenian historian Faustus of Byzantium.
Flavius Arintheus was a Roman army officer who started his career in the middle ranks and rose to senior political and military positions. He served the emperors Constantius II, Julian, Jovian and Valens. In 372 he was appointed consul, alongside Domitius Modestus.
Victor was a Roman military officer and politician, who served the emperors Constantius II, Julian, Jovian and Valens. He was appointed consul in AD 369, alongside Valentinianus Galates.
Julian's Persian expedition began in March 363 AD and was the final military campaign of the Roman emperor Julian. The Romans fought against the Sasanian Empire, ruled at the time by Shapur II.
The Peace Treaty of 363 between the Eastern Roman Empire and the Sasanian Empire was the subsequent treaty from Emperor Julian's Persian expedition. Upon Julian's death, the newly elected Emperor Jovian was forced into signing a humiliating treaty by which territorial and diplomatic concessions were given to the Sasanians.
The Battle of Maranga occurred in 363, shortly after the Battle of Ctesiphon. The Romans repelled a Sasanian attack while sustaining minimal losses. However, the army's lack of supplies continued to threaten the army, and soon afterwards the emperor Julian was killed at the Battle of Samarra.
Pigranes was a 4th-century Sasanian military officer active during the reign of Shapur II. According to Ammianus Marcellinus, on 29 May 363, when the forces of the Roman Emperor Julian besieged the Sasanian capital of Ctesiphon, Pigranes along with his fellow officers Narseus and Surena were defeated and forced to flee to the interior of the city walls.
Surena was a 4th-century Iranian military officer active during the reign of the Sasanian king (shah) Shapur II. He played an important role in the denial of the Roman invasion in 363 and the peace negotiations that followed.