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Julian was the Caesar of the West from 355 to 360 and Roman emperor from 361 to 363, as well as a notable philosopher and author in Greek. His rejection of Christianity, and his promotion of Neoplatonic Hellenism in its place, caused him to be remembered as Julian the Apostate in Christian tradition. He is sometimes referred to as Julian the Philosopher.
Libanius was a teacher of rhetoric of the Sophist school in the Eastern Roman Empire. His prolific writings make him one of the best documented teachers of higher education in the ancient world and a critical source of history of the Greek East during the 4th century AD. During the rise of Christian hegemony in the later Roman Empire, he remained unconverted and in religious matters was a pagan Hellene.
Flavius Claudius Constantius Gallus was a statesman and ruler in the eastern provinces of the Roman Empire from 351 to 354, as Caesar under emperor Constantius II, his cousin. A grandson of emperor Constantius Chlorus and empress Flavia Maximiana Theodora, and a son of Julius Constantius and Galla, he belonged to the Constantinian dynasty. Born during the reign of his uncle Constantine the Great, he was among the few male members of the imperial family to survive the purge that followed Constantine's death. Under Constantius II, Gallus served as deputy emperor, based in Antioch and married to Constantius' sister Constantina. He dealt with a Jewish revolt in the years 351-352. Gallus ultimately fell out of favor with Constantius and was executed, being replaced as Caesar by his younger half-brother Julian.
Flavius Julius Constantius was a member of the Constantinian dynasty, being a son of Emperor Constantius Chlorus and his wife Flavia Maximiana Theodora, a younger half-brother of Emperor Constantine the Great and the father of Emperor Julian.
Julian is a 1964 novel by Gore Vidal, a work of historical fiction written primarily in the first person dealing with the life of the Roman emperor Flavius Claudius Julianus, who reigned briefly from 360 to 363 A.D.
Emperor and Galilean is a play written by Henrik Ibsen. Although it is one of the writer's lesser known plays, on several occasions Henrik Ibsen called Emperor and Galilean his major work. Emperor and Galilean is written in two complementary parts with five acts in each part and is Ibsen's longest play.
The Constantinian dynasty is an informal name for the ruling family of the Roman Empire from Constantius Chlorus to the death of Julian in 363. It is named after its most famous member, Constantine the Great, who became the sole ruler of the empire in 324. The dynasty is also called Neo-Flavian because every Constantinian emperor bore the name Flavius, similarly to the rulers of the first Flavian dynasty in the 1st century.
Eusebia was the second wife of Roman emperor Constantius II. The main sources for the knowledge about her life are Julian's panegyric "Speech of Thanks to the Empress Eusebia", as well as several remarks by the historian Ammianus Marcellinus.
The history of the Roman Empire covers the history of ancient Rome from the fall of the Roman Republic in 27 BC until the abdication of Romulus Augustulus in AD 476 in the West, and the Fall of Constantinople in the East in AD 1453. Ancient Rome became a territorial empire while still a republic, but was then ruled by Roman emperors beginning with Augustus, becoming the Roman Empire following the death of the last republican dictator, the first emperor's adoptive father Julius Caesar.
Helena was a Roman Empress by marriage to Julian, Roman emperor in 360–363. She was briefly his Empress consort when Julian was proclaimed Augustus by his troops in 360. She died prior to the resolution of his conflict with Constantius II.
Eusebius was a high-ranking officer of the Roman Empire, holding the position of praepositus sacri cubiculi during the rule of Emperor Constantius II (337-361).
Censorius Datianus was a politician of the Roman Empire, very influential under the rule of Emperor Constantius II (337-361).
Saturninius Secundus Salutius was a Roman official and Neoplatonist author. A native of Gaul, he had a successful career as a provincial governor and officer at the imperial court, becoming a close friend and adviser of the Emperor Julian. Salutius was well versed in Greek philosophy and rhetoric, and had a reputation for competence and incorruptibility in office. He authored a Neoplatonic religious treatise titled On the Gods and the Cosmos, in support of Julian's pagan reaction against Christianity.
Basilina was the wife of Julius Constantius and the mother of the Roman emperor Julian who in her honour gave the name Basilinopolis to a city in Bithynia.
Julius Julianus was a Roman politician, the grandfather and namesake of the future emperor Julian.
Nevitta was a military leader and official in the Roman Empire. His career is closely linked to that of Flavius Claudius Julianus, the Emperor Julian. He was master of the cavalry and in 362 served as consul.
Flavius Eusebius was a Roman Senator, who was the brother-in-law of the emperor Constantius II.
Flavius Optatus was a Roman senator who was appointed consul in AD 334. He was possibly related to the emperor Constantine I.
Seleucus also known as Flavius Seleucus and Count Seleucus was a wealthy Greek rhetor who was a close friend of Libanius and the Roman emperor Julian.
(Flavius) Hermogenes was a Roman senator who served in various civilian offices from the reign of Licinius through to Constantius II.
References
- 1 2 Desmond 2011, p. 118
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Athanassiadi 2014 , p. 15–16
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Ricciotti 1999
- 1 2 Athanassiadi 2014 , p. 19–20
- ↑ Kisch 2005
- 1 2 3 de Vries & Best 2011 , p. 137–138
- 1 2 3 4 Desmond 2011 , p. 130
- ↑ "Julian". Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Retrieved August 23, 2018.
Julian's freedom as a student had a powerful influence on him and ensured that for the first time in a century the future emperor would be a man of culture.
- ↑ Athanassiadi 2014 , p. 23