Siege of Mankera (1821–1822)

Last updated
Siege of Mankera
Part of Afghan–Sikh Wars
Ruins of Mankera Fort.2.jpg
Ruins of the Mankera Fort
Date7 December 1821 – 1 January 1822
(25 days)
Location
Mankera
Result Sikh victory
Territorial
changes		 Mankera annexed to the Sikh Empire
Belligerents
Sikh Empire flag.jpg Sikh Empire
Assisted by
Tiwanas of Mitha Tiwana 		Flag of the Mankera State.png Kingdom of Mankera
Commanders and leaders
Sikh Empire flag.jpg Maharaja Ranjit Singh
Sikh Empire flag.jpg Hari Singh Nalwa
Sikh Empire flag.jpg Misr Diwan Chand
Sikh Empire flag.jpg Akali Phula Singh
Sikh Empire flag.jpg Faqir Azizuddin
Sikh Empire flag.jpg Fateh Singh Ahluwalia
Sikh Empire flag.jpg Kirpa Ram
Sikh Empire flag.jpg Gurmukh Singh
Sikh Empire flag.jpg Dal Singh Bharania
Sikh Empire flag.jpg Khushal Singh
Sikh Empire flag.jpg Javala Singh Padhania
Sikh Empire flag.jpg Jhanda Singh Butalia
Sikh Empire flag.jpg Dhanna Singh Malvai
Sikh Empire flag.jpg Gajja Singh (WIA)
Sikh Empire flag.jpg Mangal Singh  †
Ahmad Yar Khan Tiwana		Flag of the Mankera State.png Nawab Hafiz Ahmad Khan  White flag icon.svg
Strength
3,000 under Maharaja Ranjit Singh [1]
15,000 under Khushal Singh [2]
8,000 under Misr Dewan Chand [3]
6,500 under Hari Singh Nalwa [1]
Unknown under Ahmad Yar Khan		 25,000 [1]
Casualties and losses
Unknown Unknown

The siege of Mankera, also known as the fall of Mankera, was a conflict from 7 December 1821 to 1 January 1822 between the Sikh forces led by Maharaja Ranjit Singh and the Mankera forces led by Nawab Hafiz Ahmad Khan Sadozai.

Contents

Background

The Sindh Sagar Doab was fully under the rule of the Kingdom of Mankera and Mitha Tiwana. The chief of Mankera Nawab Hafiz Ahmad Khan had the most control over the region. [4] Mohammad Khan, the previous chief of Mankera, had built 12 forts outside the Mankera fort to make direct invasion of the main fort impossible. [5] The fort used to be a part of the Bhangi Misl until they lost it and an independent state was formed. [6] Instead of paying taxes to the Sikh Empire, the Nawab paid tribute to the Durrani Empire in Kabul. Furthermore, Mankera held the 3 important towns of Leiah, Bhakkar and Dera Ismail Khan, and the caravan route from Iran and Baluchistan also went through the territory of the Nawab. This made Mankera an important asset for the Sikh Empire to have. [7] Therefore in the Dusshera of 1821, Ranjit Singh headed with his army to Mankera to annex it. [4]

Ahmad Yar Khan Tiwana decided to aid the Sikh forces during the battle to settle old scores with the Nawab. [8] Hari Singh Nalwa was invited to join the expedition. As he was heading to join the Maharaja with 7,000 troops, Nawla was challenged by 25,000 Pashtun and Hazara tribesmen and their leader, Mohammad Khan Tarain, who opposed the Sikh's passage from the area. [9] This led to the Battle of Mangal in which Nalwa defeated the tribesmen and continued towards Ranjit Singh until meeting him at Mitha Tiwana. [10] [11]

Battle

The Sikh forces arrived at Mankera on 9 November 1821. They took Bhakkar without a fight and Dera Ismail Khan and Leiah were taken by the Sikhs with a fight. [12] [13] [14] Next the entire army regathered and laid siege to the fort of Mankera. [15] Since Mankera was situated in the middle of a sandy desert, the Sikhs dug up 25 wells for people to drink from. [2] Nawab Hafiz along with Sakhi Jan Jadoon, knowing that he could not resist any longer offered terms of surrender. These terms stated that he be allowed to leave the fort with personal things and to be given the town of Dera Ismail Khan as a jagir. [3] The terms were accepted and the Nawab came out after 25 days of being besieged.

Aftermath

After this siege, the land between the Jhelum and the Indus was annexed by the Sikh Empire. [7] [16] It was also the key of having influence over the Derajat region. [17] The Maharaja was impressed by the contribution of the Tiwanas during the battle and asked for him to take on horsemen with him to Lahore. [8]

References

  1. 1 2 3 Johar, Surinder Singh (1982). Hari Singh Nalwa. Sagar Publications. p. 84.
  2. 1 2 Gurbachan Singh Nayyar (1995). The Campaigns Of Hari Singh Nalwa. p. 96. ISBN   9788173801419.
  3. 1 2 Hari Ram Gupta (1991). History Of The Sikhs Vol. V The Sikh Lion of Lahore (Maharaja Ranjit Singh, 1799-1839). p. 75. ISBN   9788121505154.
  4. 1 2 Shashikant Nishant Sharma (25 March 2014). International Journal of Research. Lulu.com. p. 7. ISBN   9781304977151.
  5. ↑ Rishi Singh (2014). State Formation and the Establishment of Non-Muslim Hegemony. SAGE Publications India. ISBN   9789351505044.
  6. ↑ Sukhdev Singh Charak (1977). Gulabnama. p. 99.
  7. 1 2 Singh, Khushwant (2004). A History Of The Sikhs, Vol. 1, 1469-1839. Oxford University Press. pp. 256–257.
  8. 1 2 Harbans Singh (1995). The Encyclopedia Of Sikhism - Volume I A-D. p. 26. ISBN   9788173801006.
  9. ↑ Sandhu, Autar Singh (1935). General Hari Singh Nalwa 1791-1837 (1935). Cunningham Historical Society, Lahore. pp. 23–24.
  10. ↑ K.K Khanna (2015). Art of Generalship. Vij Books India Pvt. ISBN   9789382652922.
  11. ↑ Autar Singh Sandhu (1987). General Hari Singh Nalwa. Uppal Publishing House. p. 23. ISBN   9788185024301.
  12. ↑ Muhammad Latif (1891). History of the Panjáb from the Remotest Antiquity to the Present Time. p. 425.
  13. ↑ Madanjit Kaur (2003). Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Unistar Books. p. 83. ISBN   9788189899547.
  14. ↑ Vikas Khatri. World Famous Wars and Battles. Pustak Mahal. ISBN   9788122312812.
  15. ↑ Singh, Gulcharan (October 1976). "General Hari Singh Nalwa". The Sikh Review. 24 (274): 138.
  16. ↑ G.S. Chhabra (1960). Advanced study in History of the Punjab. Vol. 2. p. 65.
  17. ↑ Patwant Singh (2000). The Sikhs. p. 125. ISBN   9780375407284.

See also

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.