Sijekovac massacre

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Sijekovac massacre
Sijekovac massacre
Location Sijekovac, SR Bosnia and Herzegovina, Yugoslavia
Date26 March 1992
Target Serbs
Deaths9 [1] or 11 [2] [3]
Perpetrators Croatian Defence Forces, Bosnian forces, Croatian Army and other militia

On 26 March 1992, a number of Serb civilians were killed in Sijekovac near Bosanski Brod, Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Croatian border. The assailants were members of Croat and Bosniak army units. The exact number of casualties is unknown, but it is generally believed that between nine and eleven people were murdered at the time.

Contents

Legal prosecution of the murders was lacking, with only one perpetrator having been apprehended and tried as of 2024. The Republika Srpska authorities commemorated a number of civilian victims on a monument in Sijekovac, not all of which were necessarily connected to the same massacre.

A 2004 exhumation unearthed 58 bodies of war victims, of whom 18 were children, but they are believed to have been connected to a separate massacre dated to May 1992.

Background

The fighting in Posavina began on 3 March 1992, after the Serbian Democratic Party (SDS) declared a Serb municipality in Bosanski Brod, trying to take control away from Bosniaks and Croats. Serbian Territorial Defense forces set up barricades in the town and tried to seize the strategically important bridge linking the town with Croatia, prompting the local Croats and Muslims to form a joint headquarters, and to request assistance from the Croatian Army, based just across the border in Slavonski Brod. [4] According to a local report, 200 shells fell on Bosanski Brod on the first day of the Serb attack. Neither side managed to prevail, and the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) sent its 327th Motorized Brigade to the city. [4] Following a ceasefire of several weeks the JNA and Serb militias once again attacked the town, launching a heavy artillery bombardment and sniper fire, and looting took place in the Croat quarter of the town. [5]

The Croats retaliated by attacking the village of Sijekovac on the right side of the Sava River, across from Croatia. At the time, as the Bosnian War was starting, it was still populated by members of all three ethnic groups of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Massacre

The killing of Serb civilians in Sijekovac represented one of the first crimes of the Bosnian War. On 26 March 1992, nine Serb civilians were killed after an attack on the village. The factions who participated in the attack were regular Croatian Army (HVO) forces, Croatian National Guard (ZNG) members and Croatian Defence Forces paramilitaries, according to the Centre for the Investigation of War Crimes in Republika Srpska. [6] Members of the Zečević, Milošević, Trifunović and Radić families were killed. [1] The youngest victim was Dragan Milošević, who was turning 18. A large number of houses were set on fire, and the Church of the Virgin Mary was destroyed. [1]

According to the Republika Srpska Centre for the Investigation of War Crimes, 11 additional civilians were killed in a subsequent attack. [6] [ when? ]

Aftermath

Three members of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina arrived by helicopter within days, to investigate a reported "dozen killed civilians". [7] The initial reported number of victims was eleven. [3]

A Helsinki Watch report from August 1992 put it in context of exaggerated or falsified allegations by the Serbian side in the war, saying they could not find evidence to substantiate claims of excessive force based on interviews with Serb refugees from the village in mid-March. [8] [9] In November 1992, the Government of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia listed a massacre of 12 people in Sijekovac in its report on the violations of humanitarian law pursuant to the United Nations Security Council Resolution 780. [10]

In May 2002, an evidence case was handed over to investigators from the ICTY.[ by whom? ] In 2006, that court transferred the case to the War Crimes Prosecutor's Office of Bosnia and Herzegovina. County Prosecutor's Office in Doboj indicted three members of what would become the Interventions Squad of the Croatian Defence Council’s 101st Bosanski Brod Brigade for crimes against Serb civilians in Sijekovac. [11]

In December 2010, Sweden extradited Zemir Kovačević, a former HVO soldier who was a member of the Intervention Squad of the 1st Bosanski Brod Brigade, to Bosnia and Herzegovina, in order to face trial for two murders and abuse of civilians in March 1992, and pillaging homes in April the same year. [12]

In 2012, Kovačević was formally charged by the Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina with crimes against Serb civilians in the village. The indictment alleged that Kovačević took part in an attack on the village and along with others, took 15 Serb adults and four children out of their houses and into yards, killing some of them. [13] [ better source needed ] The court found that the initial attack on Sijekovac was preceded by a meeting of the local crisis committee whereupon it was declared that Serbs should hand over their weapons. Afterwards, uniformed militiamen appeared and Serbs were urged to surrender via megaphone. The attack on Serb-populated areas began sometime after 4 pm. [6]

Saša Milosević, who was ten years old at the time, was one of the key witnesses at Kovačević's trial. [14] Milosević described how he heard shooting and with his mother and younger brother went to hide in their neighbor's house while his elder brother and father stayed in the yard. The court found that a total of 19 civilians hid in the basement. [6] Milosević stated that Croatian Army soldiers came and took them out of the basement, cursed at them and beat them and that he himself was threatened with a knife. [6] He witnessed Kovačević shooting and killing three men, including one who was disabled. [6] Milja Zečević, another witness at the trial, stated that her husband and three of her sons were also killed that day. [14] During the trial, it was found that several Serb houses were set on fire and about 30 civilians, mostly women and children, were detained and physically and mentally abused. [6]

During the trial, witnesses identified Nijaz Čaušević, a member of the Croatian Defence Council 101st Brigade’s Interventions Squad, as having participated in the attack on civilians. In 2011, the District Public Prosecution in the city of Doboj filed an indictment accusing Čaušević of war crimes but no progress had been made with Croatian authorities. [6] The court found that Croatian Defence Forces members were led by Ante Prkačin on the day of the atrocities; he was also identified by one of the witnesses. Prkačin denied committing crimes when interviewed by reporters in 2020. [6] The trial against Kovačević concluded in May 2014 and the Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina found him guilty of the murder of two civilians, mistreatment of civilians and pillaging of Serb houses and sentenced him to ten years in prison. [15] The sentence was upheld by an appeals court in May 2015. [16]

Later events

According to recent reports in Večernje novosti , Sijekovac and the surroundings of Bosanski Brod were the site of crimes throughout 1992 until autumn. There were several large and smaller camps where local Serbs were detained and subjected to rape and beatings. [1]

It is unclear how many civilians were killed or died in Sijekovac and the area of Bosanski Brod. The authorities of Republika Srpska marked the site with a monument[ when? ] listing 47 casualties. [17]

In May 2010, the leaders of Republika Srpska (Rajko Kuzmanović and Milorad Dodik), the Croatian president (Ivo Josipović) and a prominent Bosniak leader (Sulejman Tihić) all visited the site to pay respect to civilian victims of the March 1992 events, at the local Orthodox Church of Saint Marina the Martyr. The HINA coverage of the event included a statement from Marko Grabovac, the president of a local NGO, saying 9 people were killed on 26 March, 21 people were killed on 27 and 28 March, and overall there were over fifty deaths. [18] The site and the visit provoked some controversy in Croatia, with allegations of impropriety levelled against President Josipović and the authorities of Republika Srpska for misattributing some of the casualties on the monument. [17]

In 2004, the judge of the Zenica-Doboj Court and member of the FBiH Commission for Tracing Missing persons, Enisa Adrović, noted that exhumations which had taken 14 days recovered 58 corpses and was done under the supervision of Federation Commission for Missing Persons. The victims were mostly Serb civilians. The first 8 bodies found had personal objects (clothing, a belt, buttons, glasses), yet the remaining 49 [sic] bodies had no objects that could help in their identification. Among them there were 18 bodies of children. [19] The victims were believed to have been killed in the period between April and November 1992. [20]

Several exhumation officials initially told Nezavisne novine about various suspicions of the origin of the victims, including a member of the Republika Srpska Office for Missing Persons and the District Prosecutor of Doboj, Slavko Krulj, who referenced claims from the Veritas Information Center, an NGO run by Savo Štrbac. [19] Štrbac claimed the number of children found seemed to vastly exceed the number of children actually reported as missing from Sijekovac. [19] Tomo Aračić, president of Udruženje '92, the organization that initiated the exhumation in the first place, said that they had no actual information about any foreign children at Sijekovac. [21] The presiding officer of the FBiH Commission for Missing Persons, Marko Jurišić, claimed the identities of the majority of the bodies were unknown and that only analysis by forensic experts could determine such details. [21] No representatives from the Republic of Croatia's Office for Missing Persons were present at the exhumation. [19]

In 2008, Glas Srpske published an article saying there were 59 bodies found in the 2004 exhumation, and that their deaths were dated to the time of the Bosnian War. Furthermore, they believed that these were Roma people who died in May 1992. However, they were unable to get information about prosecution from the State Public Prosecutor's Office of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Cantonal Public Prosecutor's Office of the Zenica-Doboj Canton or the County Public Prosecutor's Office in Doboj. [22]

In July 2016, Serbian news outlet Blic published alleged 1992 documents allowing members of Croat units to sexually abuse imprisoned Serb women, signed by a local commander Ahmet Čaušević. Their inquiry with the Bosnia and Herzegovina's Prosecutor's Office at the time resulted in a vague statement of investigation being in progress. [23]

In 2017, the director of the Republika Srpska Center for Research on War, War Crimes and Search for Missing Persons  [ sr ] Milorad Kojić told the Srna news agency that the crime in Sijekovac is still not punished, because the only punishment was the sentence imposed on Zemir Kovačević. [24]

In 2024, Večernje novosti published an article interviewing writer Stevo Grabovac who talked about twenty Roma children killed in May 1992, and historian Georgije Vulić who talked about nine Serbs killed on 26 March 1992. [1] The article also noted a variety of rumors about Nijaz Čaušević, who was known to have been in Croatia since the 2000s. [1] In 2022, Čaušević had been reported missing in Croatia. [1] [25]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Crnjanski Spasojević, Vojislava (4 February 2024). "Stigla pravda zlotvora iz romana: Tragom priče o zverstvima u nekašnjem Bosanskom Brodu i Sijekovcu, opisanim u nedavno nagrađenoj knjizi". Večernje novosti .
  2. ↑ Judah, Tim (2008). The Serbs: History, Myth and the Destruction of Yugoslavia. Yale University Press. ISBN   9780300147841.
  3. 1 2 "Srebrenica: a 'safe' area – Appendix XIII – Chronology of the Bosnian conflict 1990–1995" (PDF). Netherlands Institute for War Documentation. 1998. p. 43.
  4. 1 2 CIA 2002 , p. 311
  5. ↑ Nederlands Institut voor Oologsdocumentatie, Part I: The Yugoslavian problem and the role of the West 1991–1994, Chapter 5: The start of the war in Bosnia-Hercegovina: March–May 1992.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Susak, Vladimir (12 August 2020). "Forgotten Victims: Serbs Targeted in Bosnia-Croatia Border Village Killings". Balkan Insight.
  7. ↑ Chuck Sudetic (28 March 1992). "Bosnia Asking U.N. for Peace Forces". New York Times . Retrieved 2 June 2010.
  8. ↑ Kofman, Daniel (1996). "Israel and the War in Bosnia". In Cushman, Thomas; Meštrović, Stjepan Gabriel (eds.). This Time We Knew: Western Responses to Genocide in Bosnia. p. 98. ISBN   9780814715352.
  9. ↑ War Crimes in Bosnia-Hercegovina (PDF). Human Rights Watch. August 1992. p. 64. ISBN   1-56432-083-9.
  10. ↑ Government of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. "Report Submitted To The Commission Of Experts Established Pursuant To Security Council Resolution 780 (1992)". Archived from the original on 18 September 2000.
  11. ↑ "Sijekovac - zločin bez kazne". Nezavisne novine . Srna. 25 March 2013.
  12. ↑ "Bosnian Fighter's Sijekovac Killings Conviction Upheld". Balkan Insight . Sarajevo: BIRN. 27 May 2015.
  13. ↑ Džidić, Denis (18 October 2012). "Witness Recalls Slaughter in Sijekovac". Balkan Insight.
  14. 1 2 Džidić, Denis (20 May 2014). "Murders of Families in Sijekovac". Detektor. BIRN BiH.
  15. ↑ Džidić, Denis (21 May 2014). "Ten Year Jail Term for Sijekovac Killings". Detektor. BIRN BiH.
  16. ↑ Brkanić, Džana (26 May 2015). "Bosnian Fighter's Sijekovac Killings Conviction Upheld". Detektor. BIRN BiH.
  17. 1 2 "Posavljaci Josipoviću – Ne idite u Bosansku Posavinu, Dodik će vas prevariti". Slobodna Dalmacija (in Croatian). 29 May 2010. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 2 June 2010.
  18. ↑ "Hrvatski predsjednik dočekan pljeskom – Josipović odao počast ubijenim srpskim civilima". Novi list (in Croatian). 30 May 2010. Archived from the original on 2 June 2010. Retrieved 12 August 2015.
  19. 1 2 3 4 "Exhumations – Most victims suspected to be civilians from Vukovar". Nezavisne novine . 11 August 2004. p. 5. Retrieved 10 July 2012– via SFOR Main News Summary.
  20. ↑ "Mass grave in Bosnia yields 59 bodies". Mail & Guardian. 11 August 2004.
  21. 1 2 Garmaz, Željko; Matkić, Zoran (13 August 2004). "Djeca iskopana iz grobnice u Sijekovcu nisu iz Vukovara". Vjesnik (in Croatian). Archived from the original on 17 August 2004. Retrieved 1 May 2009.
  22. ↑ Teofilović, G. Maunaga B. (20 May 2008). "Tužilaštva međusobno prebacuju odgovornost". Glas Srpske .
  23. ↑ "Monstruozni dokumenti". Blic. 14 July 2016.
  24. ↑ "ЗЛОЧИН БЕЗ КАЗНЕ: У Сијековцу зверски убијено 46 српских цивила – жена, деце и стараца (видео)". Srbija danas. Srna. 26 March 2017.
  25. ↑ Jakubin, Hajdi Karakaš (27 October 2022). "Muškarac (69) nestao na putu od Karlovca prema Puli, policija moli za pomoć: Jeste li ga vidjeli?". Jutarnji list.

Bibliography

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