Eustace was the twenty-third Lord Chancellor of England,from 1197 to 1198. He was also Dean of Salisbury and Bishop of Ely.
The Exchequer of Pleas,or Court of Exchequer,was a court that dealt with matters of equity,a set of legal principles based on natural law and common law in England and Wales. Originally part of the curia regis,or King's Council,the Exchequer of Pleas split from the curia in the 1190s to sit as an independent central court. The Court of Chancery's reputation for tardiness and expense resulted in much of its business transferring to the Exchequer. The Exchequer and Chancery,with similar jurisdictions,drew closer together over the years until an argument was made during the 19th century that having two seemingly identical courts was unnecessary. As a result,the Exchequer lost its equity jurisdiction. With the Judicature Acts,the Exchequer was formally dissolved as a judicial body by an Order in Council on 16 December 1880.
Walter de Coutances was a medieval Anglo-Norman bishop of Lincoln and archbishop of Rouen. He began his royal service in the government of Henry II,serving as a vice-chancellor. He also accumulated a number of ecclesiastical offices,becoming successively canon of Rouen Cathedral,treasurer of Rouen,and archdeacon of Oxford. King Henry sent him on a number of diplomatic missions and finally rewarded him with the bishopric of Lincoln in 1183. He did not remain there long,for he was translated to Rouen in late 1184.
Plea rolls are parchment rolls recording details of legal suits or actions in a court of law in England.
The Court of Common Pleas,or Common Bench,was a common law court in the English legal system that covered "common pleas";actions between subject and subject,which did not concern the king. Created in the late 12th to early 13th century after splitting from the Exchequer of Pleas,the Common Pleas served as one of the central English courts for around 600 years. Authorised by Magna Carta to sit in a fixed location,the Common Pleas sat in Westminster Hall for its entire existence,joined by the Exchequer of Pleas and Court of King's Bench.
William de Raley was a medieval judge,administrator and bishop. Most historians now believe that he was the author of the great law book Bracton.
Carucage was a medieval English land tax enacted by King Richard I in 1194,based on the size—variously calculated—of the taxpayer's estate. It was a replacement for the danegeld,last imposed in 1162,which had become difficult to collect because of an increasing number of exemptions. Carucage was levied just six times:by Richard in 1194 and 1198;by John,his brother and successor,in 1200;and by John's son,Henry III,in 1217,1220,and 1224,after which it was replaced by taxes on income and personal property.
An eyre or iter,sometimes called a general eyre,was the name of a circuit travelled by an itinerant royal justice in medieval England,or the circuit court over which they presided,or the right of the monarch to visit and inspect the holdings of any vassal. The eyre involved visits and inspections at irregular intervals of the houses of vassals in the kingdom. The term is derived from Old French erre,from Latin iter ("journey"),and is cognate with errand and errant. Eyres were also held in those parts of Ireland under secure English rule from about 1220 onwards,but the eyre system seems to have largely gone into abeyance in Ireland at the end of the thirteenth century,and the last Irish eyre was held in 1322.
Martin of Pattishall was an English judge.
Sir Thomas Moulton,Moleton,Muleton,or Multon,also recorded as Thomas de Moulton,Thomas of Moulton,etc.,was an English landowner,knight,and judge during the reigns of King John and King Henry III. From a family with landholdings in the south of Lincolnshire,he was the son and heir of Thomas Moulton and his wife Eleanor Boston. After initial military service,he became a senior judge and held important government positions,in the process extending his inherited estates and accumulating considerable wealth.
Henry de Bada was an English judge and administrator.
Roger of Seaton (1230–1280) was a British justice.
Walter of Pattishall was an English justice and administrator. He was the eldest son of Simon of Pattishall,Chief Justice of the Common Pleas,and elder brother of Hugh of Pattishall,Bishop of Coventry and Lichfield. He inherited lands in Northamptonshire,Buckinghamshire,Lincolnshire,Yorkshire and elsewhere,and as a result of his marriage to Margery,daughter of Richard d'Argentan,he acquired lands in Bedfordshire. He followed his father's footsteps and became a justice,although with less success. His first appointment was as an itinerant justice in the South Midlands between 1218 and 1219,followed by occasional service as a royal justice,sitting for the last time in June 1231.
Henry of Braybrooke was an English High Sheriff and justice.
Richard Barre was a medieval English justice,clergyman and scholar. He was educated at the law school of Bologna and entered royal service under King Henry II of England,later working for Henry's son and successor Richard I. He was also briefly in the household of Henry's son Henry the Young King. Barre served the elder Henry as a diplomat and was involved in a minor way with the king's quarrel with Thomas Becket,which earned Barre a condemnation from Becket. After King Henry's death,Barre became a royal justice during Richard's reign and was one of the main judges in the period from 1194 to 1199. After disagreeing with him earlier in his career,Barre was discharged from his judgeship during John's reign as king. Barre was also archdeacon of Ely and the author of a work of biblical extracts dedicated to one of his patrons,William Longchamp,the Bishop of Ely and Chancellor of England.
Hugh Bardulf or Hugh Bardolf was a medieval English administrator and royal justice. Known for his legal expertise,he also served as a financial administrator. He served three kings of England before his death.
William of Wrotham or William de Wrotham was a medieval English royal administrator and clergyman. Although a late 13th-century source says that William held a royal office under King Henry II of England,the first contemporary reference to William is in 1197,when he became responsible for,among other things,the royal tin mines. He also held ecclesiastical office,eventually becoming Archdeacon of Taunton,and served King John of England as an administrator of ecclesiastical lands and a collector of taxes.
William de Warenne,the feudal baron of Wormegay,served as a royal justice under King Richard I and his brother King John. Warenne also served in financial matters,being one of those responsible for collecting taxes and later overseeing debts from Christians to Jews. His career was closely tied to that of Hubert Walter,who employed Warenne as a judge in some ecclesiastical matters. He also founded a priory and gave other gifts to religious houses. The historian Ralph V. Turner said of Warenne that "although he was a longtime official under King John,he did not quite fit into the inner corps of royal counselors".
Royal justices were judges in medieval England with the power to hear pleas of the Crown. They were roving officials of the king of England,sent to seek out notorious robbers and murderers and bring them to justice.
Hugh of Chalcombe was an English nobleman and royal justice.
