Sir Hugh O'Donnell

Sir Hugh McManus O'Donnell Sir Aodh mac Maghnusa Ó Domhnaill
King of Tyrconnell
Reign	1566–1592
Predecessor	Calvagh O'Donnell
Heir	Hugh Roe O'Donnell
Born	c. 1520 Tyrconnell, Ulster, Ireland
Died	1600 (aged 79-80) Tyrconnell, Ulster, Ireland
Burial	Donegal Abbey, Ulster
Spouse	Nuala O'Neill Iníon Dubh
Issue	Numerous, including Donal, Siobhán, Hugh Roe, Rory, Nuala and Cathbarr
House	Uí Dhomhnaill
Father	Manus O'Donnell
Mother	Judith O'Neill

Sir Hugh McManus O'Donnell (Irish: Aodh mac Maghnusa Ó Domhnaill; c. 1520 – 1600) ^[1] was an Irish Gaelic lord. He was The O'Donnell of his clan, and king of Tyrconnell in Tudor-era Ireland.

A "wary politician", ^[2] O'Donnell's lordship was marked by political indecision. He attempted to appease both pro- and anti-English factions in Tyrconnell, and thus alternated between varying alliances. His clan ultimately united with long-time enemies the O'Neills against the English – this alliance would continue into the Nine Years' War (1592–1603).

O'Donnell's health had heavily declined by the 1580s. His second wife, Scotswoman Iníon Dubh, organised his abdication in 1592, in favour of their eldest son Red Hugh O'Donnell.

Family background

Hugh McManus O'Donnell was born circa 1520. His parents were Manus O'Donnell, King of Tyrconnell, and Judith O'Neill (Irish : Siobhán Ó Néill), daughter of Conn O'Neill. ^{[1] [3]}

Early career

During 1542, he was recorded campaigning for his father against the lords of north Connacht. ^[1]

Historian Francis Martin O'Donnell has named Sir Hugh's first wife as "Nuala, a daughter of O’Neill". ^[4] Their children include Donal and Siobhán O'Donnell. ^{[5] [6] [7]}

According to historian Robert Dunlop, "for a long time past there had existed two parties in Tyrconnell" – those who supported an alliance with the English, and those who preferred to side with the O'Neills. ^[2] The O'Neill clan were hereditary rivals to the O'Donnells. ^{[8] [9] [3]}

Around 1557, Hugh O'Donnell feuded with his half-brother Calvagh for control of Tyrconnell's lordship. He allied himself with the O’Neill family against Calvagh. ^[3]

Reign

Initial rule

In May 1561, Shane O'Neill captured Calvagh and imprisoned him in Tír Eóghain, the O'Neills' kingdom. Hugh O'Donnell was set up as the effective ruler of Tyrconnell. ^[1]

O'Donnell was initially a proactive ruler. In 1561 he defeated Cathal O'Connor at Sligo. With the assistance of the English, Calvagh was reinstated in September 1565. O'Donnell fled to his ally Shane O'Neill and the two returned with reinforcements. ^[1]

Succession

Under brehon law, O'Donnell succeeded to the lordship upon Calvagh's death in October 1566. ^{[10] [2] [1]} O'Donnell raided Tír Eóghain. O'Neill invaded Tyrconnell in response, but O'Donnell managed to pin O'Neill's forces against the high tide of Lough Swilly and thus drowned them. ^[1]

The same year, O'Donnell's claim to the lordship was disputed by Calvagh's son Hugh MacEdegany O'Donnell. ^{[2] [11]}

Politics

O'Donnell's succession to the lordship of Tyrconnell was a triumph for the pro-O'Neill faction. However, O'Donnell attempted to appease both factions by avoiding overt political declarations. This greatly diminished the confidence his own party had in him as leader, and his indecision also failed to satisfy the English government. ^[2] According to historian Emmett O'Byrne, O'Donnell was "always too weak politically and militarily to deal with the combined challenges of the power of the O'Neills in Ulster, the extension of English control into north Connacht, and the strength of his rivals in Tyrconnell". ^[1]

O'Donnell later did an about-face and allied with the English to crush the O’Neills. ^[3] In 1567, he defeated clan chief Shane O’Neill at Letterkenny. Shane lost 1,300 men, and was compelled to seek refuge with the MacDonnells of Antrim, who assassinated him. ^{[12] [10] [3]}

Marriage alliances

O'Donnell's second wife was Scottish aristocrat Iníon Dubh of Clan MacDonald of Dunnyveg - they married in 1569. ^{[8] [13] [5]} At the time, marriage into the MacDonald family was particularly coveted due to their military might. ^{[14] [5]} It was ultimately the influence of Iníon Dubh that pushed the O'Donnell clan further into opposition with the English – though publicly Sir O'Donnell maintained his loyalty to the Crown. ^[2]

In June 1574, powerful O'Neill clansman Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone, married O'Donnell's daughter Siobhán. ^[6] In 1587, O'Donnell's son (and tanist) Hugh Roe O'Donnell was betrothed to Tyrone's daughter Rose O'Neill. ^{[15] [16]} These dynastic marriages would further cement a growing alliance between two Irish clans who had traditionally been mortal enemies for centuries. ^[8] The Description of Ireland (1598) makes reference to this alliance: "This controversie was taken away by a double marriage, Tyrone having married [Hugh Roe]'s sister, by whom he hath diverse sons, and [Hugh Roe] having married his daughter..." ^[9]

Spanish Armada

In late 1588, 23 ships of the Spanish Armada were lost on Ireland's coast. Lord Deputy William FitzWilliam ordered the execution of Spanish survivors. ^[17] The Armada ship La Trinidad Valencera sank in Kinnagoe Bay, Inishowen. ^{[18] [19]} Upon hearing of the presence of Spanish fugitives there, Tyrone's mercenary forces, commanded by his foster-brothers Richard and Henry Hovenden, proceeded to Inishowen. ^{[20] [21]} Tyrone's instructions to the Hovendens are unknown; ^[22] ultimately his forces committed the largest single massacre of Armada survivors in Inishowen. ^[17]

Kinnagoe Bay, Inishowen

Historians Marshall and Morgan characterise Tyrone as reluctantly ordering the massacre to keep in the English government's good graces. ^{[22] [23]} However, contemporary sources seem to imply that the massacre was carried out on the actions of the O'Donnell clan – O'Neill's forces were counselled by O’Donnell and Iníon Dubh. ^[17] In a report from Inishowen prior to the massacre, the Hovendens wrote to FitzWilliam: "O'Donnell is willing to serve against [the Spaniards], and hath none of his country as yet come in to him passing thirty horsemen; he hath sent for all his forces, but it is doubtful whether they will come in to him or not". ^[20] Government officials reported that Tyrone heavily reprimanded O'Donnell for betraying the Spaniards and their refuge; he contemptuously told O'Donnell to seek dwelling in another country. ^{[17] [22]} A 1614 history of Donegal Abbey references O'Donnell doing penance for his sins in his retirement, "the weightiest of which was a cruel raid on the wrecked Spaniards of the Armada, whom he slew in Innishowen, at the bidding of deputy Fitzwilliam". ^[24]

Succession dispute

In the 1580s, a violent succession dispute broke out amongst the O'Donnell family over who would succeed him. ^[1] With the help of her Scottish kinsmen, Iníon Dubh had MacEdegany killed in May 1588, and Donal O'Donnell killed in September 1590. ^[5] When Sir Hugh O'Donnell became senile in his old age, Iníon Dubh effectively took over leadership of the territory. ^{[25] [5] [26]} The succession dispute was compounded by Hugh Roe's kidnapping from Tyrconnell in 1587. O'Donnell offered thirty Spanish officers, taken from the Inishowen shipwreck, as prisoners in the hope to exchange them for his son, but this was unsuccessful. Hugh Roe eventually returned in 1592; Tyrone had bribed officials in Dublin to secure his release. ^[16]

Abdication

In 1592, before an assembly of fellow nobles in Kilmacrennan, ^[27] Sir Hugh O'Donnell abdicated in favour of Hugh Roe. ^{[28] [1] [3]} This was accepted by the nobility. ^[27] Though apparently voluntary, his abdication was largely organised by Iníon Dubh. ^{[27] [29] [16]} Hugh Roe was inaugurated as The O'Donnell on 3 May 1592. ^[1]

Later life and death

Donegal Abbey, O'Donnell's burial place

According to Philip O'Sullivan Beare, "[O'Donnell], after the manner of Irish Chiefs, devoted the seven years which he lived after this, to prayer and meditation on holy things". ^[30] He spent his final years living in retirement among the Franciscans at Donegal Abbey and doing penance for his sins. ^[31] He died from old age in 1600, by which time Tyrone's Rebellion was in full flight. ^[1]

His remains were clothed in the habit of a Franciscan monk and then buried underneath the Chapel of Donegal Abbey. ^[31]

Family tree

v t e O'Donnell family tree

Issue of Hugh McManus O'Donnell (Aodh mac Maghnusa Ó Domhnaill; c. 1520 - 1600) [lower-roman 1] First marriage: Nuala O'Neill [lower-greek 1] Joanna O'Donnell (Siobhán Ní Domhnaill) [lower-greek 2] Died c. January 1591 [lower-greek 3] [lower-roman 4] [lower-roman 3] [lower-roman 6] [lower-roman 7] [lower-roman 8] Married Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone in June 1574 [lower-roman 6] [lower-roman 4] [lower-roman 5] - marriage repudiated in 1579 [lower-roman 9] - later reconfirmed [lower-roman 10] Margaret O'Neill [lower-roman 11] [lower-roman 8] [lower-roman 5] Married Richard Butler, 3rd Viscount Mountgarret [lower-roman 8] [lower-roman 5] Sarah O'Neill (fl. 1595-1602) [lower-greek 4] [lower-roman 5] [lower-roman 4] Married Sir Arthur Magennis [lower-roman 8] [lower-roman 5] before 4 March 1595 [lower-roman 5] Mary O'Neill (fl. 1608) [lower-roman 4] [lower-roman 5] Married Brian McHugh Og MacMahon [lower-roman 5] Alice O'Neill (1583 - c. 1665) [lower-roman 12] [lower-roman 13] [lower-roman 4] [lower-roman 14] [lower-greek 5] Married Randal MacDonnell, 1st Earl of Antrim [lower-roman 12] [lower-roman 15] [lower-roman 4] [lower-roman 16] Hugh O'Neill (1585 - 24 September 1609) [lower-roman 17] [lower-roman 4] [lower-roman 5] [lower-roman 18] Henry O'Neill (c. 1586 [lower-roman 19] - c. 1620 [lower-greek 6] ) Daughter (name unknown) Married a son of Turlough Lynagh O'Neill Duncan "Scaite" O'Donnell (Donnchadh Ó Domhnaill) [lower-greek 7] Rory O'Donnell (Ruaidhri Ó Domhnaill) Died 1575 Donnell O'Donnell (Domhnall Ó Domhnaill) Died 14 September 1590 [lower-roman 21] Married a daughter of Turlough Lynagh O'Neill around c. 1589 [lower-roman 22] Donnell Oge O'Donnell (died 5 September 1620) [lower-roman 23] Second marriage, 1569: Fiona MacDonald (Fionnghuala Nic Dhomhnaill, also known as Iníon Dubh; fl. 1567–1611), daughter of James MacDonald, 6th of Dunnyveg and Agnes Campbell. [lower-roman 24] [lower-roman 25] [lower-roman 26] Hugh Roe O'Donnell (Aodh Ruadh Ó Domhnaill) Born 30 October 1572 [lower-roman 27] [lower-roman 28] Died 10 September 1602 [lower-roman 29] Betrothed to Rose O'Neill in c. 1587 [lower-roman 30] [lower-roman 5] - married in December 1592 [lower-roman 4] - separated in 1595 [lower-roman 30] [lower-roman 5] Rory O'Donnell (Ruaidrí Ó Domhnaill) Born 1575 [lower-roman 31] [lower-roman 32] [lower-roman 33] Died 28 July 1608 [lower-roman 31] [lower-roman 32] [lower-roman 33] Married Bridget FitzGerald of Kildare in c. December 1606 [lower-roman 32] [lower-roman 33] Hugh Albert O'Donnell (October 1606 - 1642) [lower-roman 34] [lower-roman 35] [lower-roman 36] Mary Stuart O'Donnell (c. 1607 - after 1639) [lower-roman 31] [lower-roman 37] [lower-roman 34] Some sources incorrectly suggest that there is an elder daughter named Elizabeth (see Elizabeth_Plunket#Errors in her genealogy) Nuala O'Donnell (Nuala Ní Domhnaill) Born c. 1576 [lower-roman 38] [lower-roman 39] [lower-roman 40] Died c. 1630 [lower-roman 41] [lower-roman 42] Married Niall Garve O'Donnell in 1591 [lower-roman 42] - separated 1600 [lower-roman 43] [lower-roman 42] Naghtan O'Donnell (fl. 1608) [lower-roman 44] [lower-roman 45] [lower-roman 46] A son (c. 1596 - 1600) [lower-roman 47] [lower-greek 8] Grania O'Donnell (fl. 1607 - 1617) [lower-roman 49] [lower-roman 44] George Hill mentions Naghtan having two younger brothers [lower-roman 45] Manus O'Donnell (Maghnus Ó Domhnaill) Born c. 1579 [lower-roman 50] Died 22 October 1600 [lower-roman 51] Margaret O'Donnell (Mairghead Ní Domhnaill) fl. 1608, possibly died 1662 Mary O'Donnell (Máire Ní Domhnaill) Died 1662 Married Donnell Ballagh O'Cahan in c. 1593 [lower-roman 52] [lower-roman 53] Rory Oge O'Cahan [lower-roman 52] A daughter [lower-roman 52] Married Teigue O'Rourke in 1599 [lower-roman 54] Brian O'Rourke (born 1599) [lower-roman 54] [lower-roman 55] Hugh O'Rourke (born c. 1600) [lower-roman 55] Caffar O'Donnell (Cathbarr Ó Domhnaill) Born c. 1583 [lower-roman 56] Died 15 September 1608 [lower-roman 57] Married Rosa O'Doherty [lower-roman 57] Hugh O'Donnell (c. June 1605 - 1625) [lower-roman 57] [lower-roman 58] Relationship with an unmarried woman [lower-roman 57] Conn O'Donnell (fl. 1608-1629) [lower-roman 57] Gráinne O'Donnell (Gráinne Ní Domhnaill) [lower-greek 9] Notes Historian Francis Martin O'Donnell has named Sir Hugh's first wife as "Nuala, a daughter of O’Neill". [lower-roman 2] Concannon believed Siobhán was born c. 1569, and that her mother was Iníon Dubh, [lower-roman 3] who married Sir Hugh around that time. However, Siobhán married Hugh O'Neill in 1574, making that date of birth unlikely. Casway and Walsh believe Siobhán's mother was Sir Hugh's first wife. [lower-roman 4] [lower-roman 5] In a letter dated 31 January 1591, O'Neill references Siobhán's recent death. [lower-roman 5] Her death date has alternately been given as 1639, 26 April 1640, or sometime after 31 March 1642. [lower-roman 5] Walsh believes her birth date was c. 1588. [lower-roman 5] Sources disagree on Henry's date of death: 1610, [lower-roman 4] c. 1620, [lower-roman 19] or c. 1626. [lower-roman 8] It is clear that he died sometime before the publication of Philip O'Sullevan's Historia Catholica in 1621. [lower-roman 5] The historicity of this person is disputed. [lower-roman 20] According to the English officials who wrote the Calendar of State Papers , Hugh Roe personally killed Niall Garve's four-year-old son (also his own nephew) [lower-roman 48] Gráinne is known only as a sister of the Earl (i.e., Rory), with no additional information. [lower-roman 59] References O'Byrne, Emmett (October 2009). "O'Donnell (Ó Domhnaill), Sir Aodh mac Maghnusa". Dictionary of Irish Biography . doi:10.3318/dib.006332.v1. O'Donnell, Francis Martin (15 November 2018). "The O'Donnells of Tyrconnell – A Hidden Legacy (Maunsel Irish Research Series)". Academica Press. Retrieved 20 June 2024. Concannon, p. 218-219 "Siobhan was probably the eldest of the family, and must have been born not later than 1569." "We know little of Siobhan, who can hardly have been more than one-and- twenty, when she died in 1590." Casway 2016 Walsh 1930 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2004, p. 511-512 O'Byrne, Emmett; Clarke, Aidan; Barry, Judy (October 2009). "Bagenal (O'Neill), Mabel". Dictionary of Irish Biography . doi:10.3318/dib.006953.v1 . Retrieved 3 May 2024. Dunlop 1895, p. 196 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2004, p. 839 Morgan 2014 Mosley, Charles, editor. Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage, 107th edition, 3 volumes. Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.: Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd, 2003. Hill 1873, page 222. "Sir Randal Macdonnell was married about the year 1604 to Ellis or Alice O'Neill, the third daughter of Hugh earl of Tyrone. This lady, who was born in 1583, was in her twenty-first year at the time of her marriage, and was younger than either of her sisters, lady Macmahon or Lady Maginnis. She was older than her brother Hugh, the baron of Dungannon." Cokayne 1910. "[The 1st Earl of Antrim] m., 1604, Alice, da. of Hugh (O'Neill), Earl of Tyrone [I], by his 2nd wife, Joanna, da. of Hugh McManus O'Donnell." Ohlmeyer, Jane H (2001) [1993]. Civil War and Restoration in the Three Stuart Kingdoms: The Career of Randal MacDonnell, Marquis of Antrim. Dublin: Four Courts Press. p. 359. ISBN   978-0521419789. Cokayne 1910. "[The 1st Earl of Antrim] m., 1604, Alice, da. of Hugh (O'Neill), Earl of Tyrone [I], by his 2nd wife, Joanna, da. of Hugh McManus O'Donnell." Ohlmeyer, Jane H (2001) [1993]. Civil War and Restoration in the Three Stuart Kingdoms: The Career of Randal MacDonnell, Marquis of Antrim. Dublin: Four Courts Press. p. 359. ISBN   978-0521419789. Concannon, p. 218 "The inscription on the tomb in San Pietro in Montorio shows that her eldest child, Hugh, was born in 1585." Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland 1867, p. 459: "..he died unmarried on the 23rd of September, 1609, aged twenty-four... and was buried in the church of St. Peter's in Montorio..." Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland 1867, p. 459 Ó Domhnaill, Niall; Na Glúnta Rosannacha (1952), page 87 Annals of the Four Masters : "1590: ...the son of O'Donnell himself, who, being unable to display prowess or defend himself, was slain at Doire-leathan, on one side of the harbour of Telinn, on the 14th of September." Morgan 1993, page 107 O'Donnell, Francis Martin (2020). What did they really look like? An Iconography of the O'Donnells of Tyrconnell: myth, allegory, prejudice, and evidence. Tyrconnell-Fyngal Publishing. O'Byrne, Emmett (2009). "MacDonnell (Nic Dhomhnaill), Fiona (Fionnghuala) ('Iníon Dubh')". Dictionary of Irish Biography . doi:10.3318/dib.006337.v1. Walsh 1930, p. 17 Morgan 1993, p. 124 Starke 1984, page 3 Donegal County Archives. The Flight of the Earls: Document Study Pack. Annals of the Four Masters : "1602:...O'Donnell should take the disease of his death and the sickness of his dissolution; and, after lying seventeen days on the bed, he died, on the 10th of September, in the house which the King of Spain himself had at that town (Simancas)..."" Morgan, Hiram (October 2009). "O'Donnell, 'Red' Hugh (Ó Domhnaill, Aodh Ruadh)". Dictionary of Irish Biography. doi:10.3318/dib.006343.v1. Bagwell 1895 O'Byrne, Emmett (October 2009). "O'Donnell (Ó Domhnall), Ruaidhrí". Dictionary of Irish Biography . doi:10.3318/dib.006701.v1 . Retrieved 24 April 2024. Webb 1878 Silke 2006 "Hugh Albert O'Donnell, born [to Rory and Bridget] about October 1606, was the only son of this marriage, Mary Stuart O'Donnell being born about a year later." Bagwell 1895 "About ninety persons sailed with the earls, among whom were Tyrconnel's son Hugh, aged eleven months..." Ulwencreutz, Lars (2013), Ulwencreutz's The Royal Families in Europe V, Lulu.com, p.  136, ISBN   978-1-304-58135-8 "Hugh O'Donnell, 2nd Earl of Tyrconnell (1606-1642) Prince and Lord of Tryconnell". "O'Donnell, Lady Mary Stuart (b. 1607?, d. in or after 1639), noblewoman" . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/20557 . Retrieved 24 April 2024.(Subscription or UK public library membership required.) Casway 2009. Casway gives her birthdate as c. 1575 Concannon, p. 218 "O'Clery tells us that Nuala was already married to Niall Garbh in 1592. This will place her birth-year with some degree of probability about 1577 — not later." Knox 2002, p. 26. In contrast to Concannon, Knox believes Nuala was Rory's older sister. Casway, Jerrold (July 2007). "Women in Flight". History Ireland . 15 (4). Retrieved 18 April 2024. Casway 2009 O'Sullivan Beare 2008. Philip O'Sullivan Beare notes that Manus's death (October 1600) occurred shortly after Nuala and Niall separated. Dunlop, Robert. "O'Donnell, Niall Garv". Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900. 41. Hill 1873, page 221 Annals of the Four Masters : "1608: Niall Garv O'Donnell, with his brothers Hugh Boy and Donnell, and his son, Naghtan, were taken prisoners about the festival of St. John in this year." McGurk, John (August 2007). "The Flight of the Earls: escape or strategic regrouping?". History Ireland . 15 (4). McGurk, John (2006). Sir Henry Docwra, 1564-1631: Derry's Second Founder. Four Courts Press. p. 93–95. "O'Donnell". 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica. 20. 1911. Concannon, p. 218 "Manus may have been born about 1579 or 1580. He was old enough to play a man's part in the battle in which he met his death at the hands of Niall Garbh (A.D. 1600)" Lughaidh Ó Cléirigh names the sons in the order of their birth: Hugh Roe, Ruairi, Manus and Cathbar. Concannon, p. 232 Clavin 2009 Pollard, Albert Frederick. "O'Cahan, Donnell Ballagh". Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900. 41. Gallogy, Dan (1963). "Brian Oge O'Rourke and the Nine Years War". Breifne Journal. 2: 194–195. Casway, Jerrold (1988). "The Last Lords of Leitrim: The Sons of Teige O'Rourke". Breifne Journal. VII: 561–562. Concannon, p. 218 McGettigan 2009 Annals of the Four Masters : "[Flight of the Earls, September] 1607: ...Rose, the daughter of O'Doherty, and wife of Caffar, with her son, Hugh, aged two years and three months..." O'Donnell, Eunan; Reflection on the Flight of the Earls; Donegal Annual, Bliainiris Dhún na nGall, Journal of the County Donegal Historical Society, No. 58 (2006); pp. 31-44. Bibliography Bagwell, Richard (1895). "O'Donnell, Rory"  . Dictionary of National Biography . Vol. 41. pp. 444–447. Casway, Jerrold (2009). "O'Donnell, Nuala". Dictionary of Irish Biography . doi:10.3318/dib.006696.v1 . Retrieved 18 April 2024. Casway, Jerrold (2016). "Catherine Magennis and the Wives of Hugh O'Neill". Seanchas Ardmhacha: Journal of the Armagh Diocesan Historical Society. 26 (1): 69–79. JSTOR   48568219. Clavin, Terry (October 2009). "O'Cahan, Sir Donnell Ballach". Dictionary of Irish Biography . doi:10.3318/dib.006536.v1 . Retrieved 24 April 2024. Cokayne, George Edward (1910). The Hon. Vicary Gibbs (ed.). The complete peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain, and the United Kingdom : extant, extinct, or dormant. The St. Catherine Press Ltd. p. 174. Concannon, Helena (1920). "'The Woman of the Piercing Wail' (The Lady Nuala O'Donnell)". The Irish ecclesiastical record . 16. Dublin: John F. Fowler. Dunlop, Robert (1895). "O'Neill, Hugh, third Baron of Dungannon and second Earl of Tyrone 1540?–1616". In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography . Vol. XLII. New York: MacMillan and Co. pp. 188–196. OCLC   8544105. Hill, George (1873). An historical account of the Macdonnells of Antrim: including notices of some other septs Irish and Scotch. Belfast: Archer & Sons. Retrieved 12 June 2024. Knox, Andrea (1 January 2002). ""Women of the Wild Geese": Irish Women, Exile, and Identity in Spain, 1596–1670". Quidditas. 23 (1). Matthew, H. C. G.; Harrison, Brian, eds. (2004). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography: in association with the British Academy: from the earliest times to the year 2000. Vol. 41. Oxford University Press. ISBN   978-0-19-861411-1. McGettigan, Darren (October 2009). "O'Donnell, Caffar". Dictionary of Irish Biography . doi:10.3318/dib.002288.v1. Morgan, Hiram (1993). Tyrone's Rebellion : the outbreak of the Nine Years War in Tudor Ireland. Internet Archive. [London] : Royal Historical Society ; Woodbridge, Suffolk, UK ; Rochester, NY, USA : Boydell Press. ISBN   978-0-86193-224-5. Morgan, Hiram (September 2014). "O'Neill, Hugh". Dictionary of Irish Biography . doi:10.3318/dib.006962.v1 . Retrieved 3 May 2024. O'Sullivan Beare, Philip (2008). Chapters towards a History of Ireland in the reign of Elizabeth. Translated by Byrne, Matthew J. CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts. Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland (1867). "PROCEEDINGS AND PAPERS". Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland. 5: 459. Silke, John J. (May 2006). "O'Donnell, Rury , styled first earl of Tyrconnell (1574/5–1608)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/20559.(Subscription or UK public library membership required.) Starke, Shirley (1984). Red Hugh: The Story of Hugh Roe O'Donnell (PDF). Valley City, North Dakota: The Aodh Ruadh Ó Domhnaill Guild. Walsh, Paul (1930). Walsh, Paul (ed.). THE WILL AND FAMILY OF HUGH O NEILL, EARL OF TYRONE [WITH AN APPENDIX OF GENEALOGIES] (PDF). Dublin: Sign of the Three Candles. Webb, Alfred (1878). "Rury O'Donnell". A Compendium of Irish Biography.

References

Citations

1. O'Byrne, Emmett (October 2009). "O'Donnell (Ó Domhnaill), Sir Aodh mac Maghnusa". Dictionary of Irish Biography . doi:10.3318/dib.006332.v1.
2. Dunlop, Robert (1894). "O'Donnell, Hugh Roe"  . Dictionary of National Biography . Vol. 40. pp. 436–440.
3. The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica (29 March 2024). "Hugh O’Donnell". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 1 July 2024.
4. O'Donnell, Francis Martin (15 November 2018). "The O'Donnells of Tyrconnell – A Hidden Legacy (Maunsel Irish Research Series)". Academica Press. Retrieved 20 June 2024.
5. O'Byrne, Emmett (October 2009). "MacDonnell (Nic Dhomhnaill), Fiona (Fionnghuala) ('Iníon Dubh')". Dictionary of Irish Biography . doi:10.3318/dib.006337.v1.
6. Casway 2016, p. 71.
7. Morgan, Hiram (September 2014). "O'Neill, Hugh". Dictionary of Irish Biography . doi:10.3318/dib.006962.v1 . Retrieved 8 August 2024.
8. Morgan 1993, p. 124.
9. Walsh 1930, p. 37.
10.  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain :  McNeill, Ronald John (1911). "O'Donnell s.v. Calvagh O'Donnell". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 7.
11. Morgan 1993.
12. Brady, Ciaran (October 2009). "O'Neill, Shane (Seaán)". Dictionary of Irish Biography . doi:10.3318/dib.006966.v1 . Retrieved 2 July 2024.
13. Walsh 1930, p. 17.
14. Hill, J. Michael (1993). "The Rift within Clan Ian Mor: The Antrim and Dunyveg MacDonnells, 1590- 1603". The Sixteenth Century Journal . 24 (4). The University of Chicago Press: 865–879. doi:10.2307/2541605. JSTOR   2541605.
15. Walsh 1930, p. 36.
16. Morgan, Hiram (October 2009). "O'Donnell, 'Red' Hugh (Ó Domhnaill, Aodh Ruadh)". Dictionary of Irish Biography . doi:10.3318/dib.006343.v1.
17. Morgan 2013, p. 5.
18. "Derry City & Strabane - An Armada Shipwreck - La Trinidad Valencera". Derry City & Strabane. Retrieved 14 August 2024.
19. Marshall 1907, p. 8-9.
20. Marshall 1907, p. 9.
21. Morgan 1993, p. 106.
22. Marshall 1907, p. 10.
23. Morgan, Hiram (September 2014). "O'Neill, Hugh". Dictionary of Irish Biography . doi:10.3318/dib.006962.v1 . Retrieved 3 May 2024.
24. Meehan 1870, p. 13.
25. Highley, Christopher (1997), Shakespeare, Spenser, and the Crisis in Ireland, Cambridge University Press, p.  103, ISBN   978-0-521-58199-8
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27. Morgan 1993, p. 133.
28. Burke 1866, p. 409.
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30. O'Sullivan Beare 1903, p. 69.
31. Meehan 1870, p. 12.

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