Small intestine neuroendocrine tumor

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Small intestine neuroendocrine tumor
Specialty Gastroenterology/oncology

A small intestine neuroendocrine tumor is a carcinoid in the distal small intestine or the proximal large intestine. It is a relatively rare cancer and is diagnosed in approximately 1/100000 people every year. In recent decades the incidence has increased. [1] The prognosis is comparatively good with a median survival of more than 8 years. [2] The disease was named by Siegfried Oberndorfer, a German pathologist, in 1907. [3]

Contents

Signs and symptoms

A large fraction of cases are diagnosed after routine surgery for bowel obstruction. [4] Others may be diagnosed incidentally, or after investigation for carcinoid syndrome. The tumor typically produces serotonin, Tachykinin peptides and other substances, which cause flushing, tachycardia, diarrhea and in some cases fibrosis of the heart valves.[ citation needed ]

There are often several small and highly fibrotic tumors present in the intestine. The tumors often spread to the mesenteries and the liver.[ citation needed ]

Cause

Familial clustering of the disease, with several relatives being diagnosed may occur. [5] Relatives of patients have an increased risk of developing the disease. [6]

Genetics

The tumors often harbour loss of chromosome 18q. [7] Mutations in CDKN1B are present in approximately 8% of cases. [8] [9]

Treatment

The treatment traditionally consists of a combination of medical and surgical treatment. Somatostatin analogues and Interferon decrease the secretion of hormones and the resulting symptoms. Radionuclide therapy with 177-Lutetium-DOTA-Octreotate increases progression-free survival. [10]

Traditionally, the primary tumor has been surgically removed even in the case of metastatic disease, although this was in 2017 shown not to improve survival in asymptomatic patients. [11]

Related Research Articles

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Pancreaticoduodenectomy

A pancreaticoduodenectomy, also known as a Whipple procedure, is a major surgical operation most often performed to remove cancerous tumours from the head of the pancreas. It is also used for the treatment of pancreatic or duodenal trauma, or chronic pancreatitis. Due to the shared blood supply of organs in the proximal gastrointestinal system, surgical removal of the head of the pancreas also necessitates removal of the duodenum, proximal jejunum, gallbladder, and, occasionally, part of the stomach.

Pseudomyxoma peritonei Medical condition

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Carcinoid A slow-growing type of neuroendocrine tumor that sometimes causes paraneoplastic syndromes

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Carcinoid syndrome Medical condition

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Gastrinoma Medical condition

Gastrinomas are neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), usually located in the duodenum or pancreas, that secrete gastrin and cause a clinical syndrome known as Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES). A large number of gastrinomas develop in the pancreas or duodenum, with near-equal frequency, and approximately 10% arise as primary neoplasms in lymph nodes of the pancreaticoduodenal region.

Small intestine cancer Medical condition

Small intestine cancer is a cancer of the small intestine. It is relatively rare compared to other gastrointestinal malignancies such as gastric cancer and colorectal cancer.

Neuroendocrine tumor Medical condition

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Enteroendocrine cell

Enteroendocrine cells are specialized cells of the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas with endocrine function. They produce gastrointestinal hormones or peptides in response to various stimuli and release them into the bloodstream for systemic effect, diffuse them as local messengers, or transmit them to the enteric nervous system to activate nervous responses. Enteroendocrine cells of the intestine are the most numerous endocrine cells of the body. They constitute an enteric endocrine system as a subset of the endocrine system just as the enteric nervous system is a subset of the nervous system. In a sense they are known to act as chemoreceptors, initiating digestive actions and detecting harmful substances and initiating protective responses. Enteroendocrine cells are located in the stomach, in the intestine and in the pancreas. Microbiota plays key roles in the intestinal immune and metabolic responses in these enteroendocrine cells via their fermentation product, acetate.

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Intestine transplantation

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Myxofibrosarcoma (MFS), although a rare type of tumor, is one of the most common soft tissue sarcomas, i.e. cancerous tumors, that develop in the soft tissues of elderly individuals. Initially considered to be a type of histiocytoma termed fibrous histiocytoma or myxoid variant of malignant fibrous histiocytoma, Angervall et al. termed this tumor myxofibrosarcoma in 1977. In 2020, the World Health Organization reclassified MFS as a separate and distinct tumor in the category of malignant fibroblastic and myofibroblastic tumors.

References

  1. ↑ Yao, James C.; Hassan, Manal; Phan, Alexandria; Dagohoy, Cecile; Leary, Colleen; Mares, Jeannette E.; Abdalla, Eddie K.; Fleming, Jason B.; Vauthey, Jean-Nicolas (2008-06-20). "One hundred years after "carcinoid": epidemiology of and prognostic factors for neuroendocrine tumors in 35,825 cases in the United States". Journal of Clinical Oncology. 26 (18): 3063–3072. doi:10.1200/JCO.2007.15.4377. ISSN   1527-7755. PMID   18565894.
  2. ↑ Norlén, Olov; Stålberg, Peter; Öberg, Kjell; Eriksson, John; Hedberg, Jakob; Hessman, Ola; Janson, Eva Tiensuu; Hellman, Per; Åkerström, Göran (June 2012). "Long-term results of surgery for small intestinal neuroendocrine tumors at a tertiary referral center". World Journal of Surgery. 36 (6): 1419–1431. doi:10.1007/s00268-011-1296-z. ISSN   1432-2323. PMID   21984144.
  3. ↑ Modlin, Irvin M.; Shapiro, Michael D.; Kidd, Mark; Eick, Geeta (February 2007). "Siegfried oberndorfer and the evolution of carcinoid disease". Archives of Surgery. 142 (2): 187–197. doi:10.1001/archsurg.142.2.187. ISSN   0004-0010. PMID   17309971.
  4. ↑ Eriksson, John; Garmo, Hans; Hellman, Per; Ihre-Lundgren, Catharina (May 2017). "The Influence of Preoperative Symptoms on the Death of Patients with Small Intestinal Neuroendocrine Tumors". Annals of Surgical Oncology. 24 (5): 1214–1220. doi:10.1245/s10434-016-5703-4. ISSN   1534-4681. PMC   5374169 . PMID   27904972.
  5. ↑ Cunningham, Janet L.; Díaz de Ståhl, Teresita; Sjöblom, Tobias; Westin, Gunnar; Dumanski, Jan P.; Janson, Eva T. (February 2011). "Common pathogenetic mechanism involving human chromosome 18 in familial and sporadic ileal carcinoid tumors". Genes, Chromosomes & Cancer. 50 (2): 82–94. doi:10.1002/gcc.20834. ISSN   1098-2264. PMID   21104784.
  6. ↑ Neklason, Deborah W.; VanDerslice, James; Curtin, Karen; Cannon-Albright, Lisa A. (February 2016). "Evidence for a heritable contribution to neuroendocrine tumors of the small intestine". Endocrine-Related Cancer. 23 (2): 93–100. doi:10.1530/ERC-15-0442. ISSN   1479-6821. PMC   4684974 . PMID   26604321.
  7. ↑ Kytölä, S.; Höög, A.; Nord, B.; Cedermark, B.; Frisk, T.; Larsson, C.; Kjellman, M. (May 2001). "Comparative genomic hybridization identifies loss of 18q22-qter as an early and specific event in tumorigenesis of midgut carcinoids". The American Journal of Pathology. 158 (5): 1803–1808. doi:10.1016/S0002-9440(10)64136-3. ISSN   0002-9440. PMC   1891959 . PMID   11337378.
  8. ↑ Francis, Joshua M.; Kiezun, Adam; Ramos, Alex H.; Serra, Stefano; Pedamallu, Chandra Sekhar; Qian, Zhi Rong; Banck, Michaela S.; Kanwar, Rahul; Kulkarni, Amit A. (December 2013). "Somatic mutation of CDKN1B in small intestine neuroendocrine tumors". Nature Genetics. 45 (12): 1483–1486. doi:10.1038/ng.2821. ISSN   1546-1718. PMC   4239432 . PMID   24185511.
  9. ↑ Crona, Joakim; Gustavsson, Tobias; Norlén, Olov; Edfeldt, Katarina; Åkerström, Tobias; Westin, Gunnar; Hellman, Per; Björklund, Peyman; Stålberg, Peter (December 2015). "Somatic Mutations and Genetic Heterogeneity at the CDKN1B Locus in Small Intestinal Neuroendocrine Tumors". Annals of Surgical Oncology. 22 Suppl 3: S1428–1435. doi:10.1245/s10434-014-4351-9. ISSN   1534-4681. PMID   25586243.
  10. ↑ Strosberg, Jonathan; El-Haddad, Ghassan; Wolin, Edward; Hendifar, Andrew; Yao, James; Chasen, Beth; Mittra, Erik; Kunz, Pamela L.; Kulke, Matthew H. (12 January 2017). "Phase 3 Trial of177Lu-Dotatate for Midgut Neuroendocrine Tumors". The New England Journal of Medicine. 376 (2): 125–135. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1607427. ISSN   1533-4406. PMC   5895095 . PMID   28076709.
  11. ↑ Daskalakis, Kosmas; Karakatsanis, Andreas; Hessman, Ola; Stuart, Heather C.; Welin, Staffan; Tiensuu Janson, Eva; Öberg, Kjell; Hellman, Per; Norlén, Olov (2018-02-01). "Association of a Prophylactic Surgical Approach to Stage IV Small Intestinal Neuroendocrine Tumors With Survival". JAMA Oncology. 4 (2): 183–189. doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2017.3326. ISSN   2374-2445. PMC   5838704 . PMID   29049611.
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