Sorensenellinae

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Sorensenellinae
Karamea lobata.jpg
Karamea lobata
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Class: Arachnida
Order: Opiliones
Family: Triaenonychidae
Subfamily: Sorensenellinae
Forster, 1954
Genera

Sorensenellinae is a subfamily of harvestmen in the family Triaenonychidae created by Ray Forster. It includes genera from New Zealand and South Africa, but later phylogenetic studies do not support the inclusion of the South African taxa. Egg guarding is reported in both New Zealand genera and appears to be an example of paternal care. [2] [3]

Contents

Taxonomy

Sorensenellinae is a subfamily of harvestmen in the family Triaenonychidae and was erected by Ray Forster in his 1954 monograph on New Zealand Laniatores. The subfamily includes four genera: Sorensenella Pocock, 1903 [1] and Karamea Forster, 1954 [2] from New Zealand, and Roeweria Lawrence, 1931 [4] (now Lawrencella Strand, 1932) and Speleomontia Lawrence, 1931 [4] from South Africa. [2] Forster's spelling was Soerensenellinae, which he derived from Soerensenella, which was an incorrect spelling of the original name of Sorensenella. [1]

Key features

Forster described members of this subfamily as having the third and fourth tarsal claws with strong lateral processes equal to, or larger than the median prong. Forster also noted the laying of eggs in a single group that is subsequently guarded by the female until they hatch. [2]

Paternal care

While Forster reported that egg guarding by females is a feature of the Sorensenellinae, Glauco Machado observed that a photograph on p56 of Ray and Lyn Forster's book Spiders of New Zealand and their Worldwide Kin [5] clearly showed a male specimen of Karamea guarding eggs, even though the caption states it is female. Based on Forster's statement of egg guarding behaviour across Sorensenellinae, Machado reasoned that paternal rather than maternal care was likely to be the rule in this subfamily. [6]

Phylogenetics

Molecular studies using Sanger [7] and ultra conserved element [8] sequencing show Sorensenella forms a clade with its nearest relative Karamea, [7] [8] and these genera are estimated to have diverged from one another during the Cretaceous. [7] While these studies affirm the close relationship between Soerensenella and Karamea, they do not support Forster's inclusion of Roeweria (now Lawrencella) and Speleomontia from South Africa in Sorensenellinae. [7] [8]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Opiliones</span> Order of arachnids

The Opiliones are an order of arachnids colloquially known as harvestmen, harvesters, harvest spiders, or daddy longlegs. As of April 2017, over 6,650 species of harvestmen have been discovered worldwide, although the total number of extant species may exceed 10,000. The order Opiliones includes five suborders: Cyphophthalmi, Eupnoi, Dyspnoi, Laniatores, and Tetrophthalmi, which were named in 2014.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eupnoi</span> Suborder of harvestmen/daddy longlegs

The Eupnoi are a suborder of harvestmen, with more than 200 genera, and about 1,700 described species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cyphophthalmi</span> Suborder of harvestmen/daddy longlegs

Cyphophthalmi is a suborder of harvestmen, colloquially known as mite harvestmen. Cyphophthalmi comprises 36 genera, and more than two hundred described species. The six families are currently grouped into three infraorders: the Boreophthalmi, Scopulophthalmi, and Sternophthalmi.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Triaenonychidae</span> Family of harvestmen/daddy longlegs

The Triaenonychidae are a family of harvestmen with about 120 genera and more than 440 described species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Neopilionidae</span> Family of harvestmen/daddy longlegs

The Neopilionidae are a family of harvestmen.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pettalidae</span> Family of arachnids

The Pettalidae are a family of harvestmen with 75 described species in 10 genera. Several undescribed species are known or assumed in some genera.

<i>Isolachus</i> Genus of harvestmen/daddy longlegs

Isolachus is a genus of armoured harvestmen in the family Cladonychiidae. There is one described species in Isolachus, I. spinosus, found in Oregon and Washington.

<i>Paranonychus</i> Genus of harvestmen/daddy longlegs

Paranonychus is a genus of harvestman in the family Paranonychidae. There are at least three described species in Paranonychus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cryptomastridae</span> Family of harvestmen/daddy longlegs

Cryptomastridae is a family of armoured harvestmen in the order Opiliones. There are two genera and four described species in Cryptomastridae, found in Oregon and Idaho.

Arbasus is a genus of armoured harvestmen in the family Cladonychiidae. There is one described species in Arbasus, A. caecus. It is found in the Pyrenees of southern France.

<i>Briggsus</i> Genus of harvestmen/daddy longlegs

Briggsus is a genus of armoured harvestmen in the family Cladonychiidae. There are about five described species in Briggsus, found in the coastal forests of Oregon and Washington.

Buemarinoa is a genus of armoured harvestmen in the family Cladonychiidae. There is one described species in Buemarinoa, B. patrizii, found in Sardinia, Italy.

<i>Holoscotolemon</i> Genus of armoured harvestmen in the family Cladonychiidae

Holoscotolemon is a genus of armoured harvestmen in the family Cladonychiidae. There are about eight described species in Holoscotolemon, found in Europe.

Kaolinonychus is a genus of harvestman in the family Paranonychidae. There are about five described species in Kaolinonychus, endemic to South Korea and found primarily in caves.

Nippononychus is a genus of harvestman in the family Paranonychidae. There is one described species in Nippononychus, N. japonicus, endemic to Japan.

Speleomaster is a genus of armoured harvestmen in the family Cryptomastridae. There are at least two described species in Speleomaster, both found in lava tubes of the Snake River Plain in southern Idaho.

<i>Algidia</i> Genus of harvester

Algidia is a genus in the harvestman family Triaenonychidae. It is endemic to New Zealand and currently includes 7 species and several subspecies.

Triaenonychoidea is a superfamily of armoured harvestmen in the order Opiliones. There are 4 families and more than 440 described species in Triaenonychoidea.

<i>Sorensenella</i> Genus of harvester

Sorensenella is a genus in the harvestman subfamily Sorensenellinae in the family Triaenonychidae. It is endemic to New Zealand and currently includes three species and several subspecies. Members of this genus have large pedipalps armed with strong spines. The pedipalps are larger in males.

<i>Sorensenella prehensor</i> Speciesof harvester

Sorensenella prehensor is a species in the endemic New Zealand genus Sorensenella described by Reginald Pocock in 1903. Ray Forster revised the genus Sorensenella in 1954. As well as the nominate subspecies, Sorensenella prehensor prehensor, added two other subspecies, S. prehensor nitida and S. prehensor obesa. This species is found from Auckland to North Cape in New Zealand's North Island.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Pocock, Reginald Innes (1903-01-01). "On some new harvest-spiders of the order Opiliones from the southern continents". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 1902: 392–413.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Forster, R.R. (1954) The New Zealand harvestmen (sub-order Laniatores). Canterbury Museum Bulletin, 2, 1–329
  3. ↑ "Sorensenellinae Forster, 1954 | COL". www.catalogueoflife.org. Retrieved 2024-03-20.
  4. 1 2 Lawrence, Reginald Francis (1931-01-01). "The harvest-spiders (Opiliones) of South Africa". Annals of the South African Museum. 29: 341–508.
  5. ↑ Forster, Raymond Robert; Forster, Lyndsay McLaren (1999-01-01). Spiders of New Zealand and their Worldwide Kin. Otago University Press, Otago Museum.
  6. ↑ Machado, Glauco (2007-04-01). "MATERNAL OR PATERNAL EGG GUARDING? REVISITING PARENTAL CARE IN TRIAENONYCHID HARVESTMEN (OPILIONES)". Journal of Arachnology. 35 (1): 202–204. doi:10.1636/SH06-14.1.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Baker, Caitlin M.; Sheridan, Kate; Derkarabetian, Shahan; González, Abel Pérez; Giribet, Gonzalo (2020-08-14). "Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of the temperate Gondwanan family Triaenonychidae (Opiliones: Laniatores) reveals pre-Gondwanan regionalisation, common vicariance, and rare dispersal". Invertebrate Systematics. 34(6): 637–660. doi:10.1071/IS19069.
  8. 1 2 3 Derkarabetian, Shahan; Baker, Caitlin M.; Hedin, Marshal; Prieto, Carlos E.; Giribet, Gonzalo (2021-01-01). "Phylogenomic re-evaluation of Triaenonychoidea (Opiliones : Laniatores), and systematics of Triaenonychidae, including new families, genera and species". Invertebrate Systematics. doi:10.1071/IS20047.


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